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. 2017 Jul 11;7:5040. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05052-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metformin increases mitochondrial biogenesis in cancer cells and inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore. (A) Mitochondrial DNA content and quantification of MitoTracker Green in LNCaP cells treated with metformin for 24 h. The results were obtained from three independent experiments. p < 0.05 (*); p < 0.001 (***). (B) Immunoblotting analyses of proteins and transcription factors implicated in mitochondrial function, after treatment with 5 mM metformin for 24 and 48 h. (C) Calcium retention capacity measured after the incubation of LNCaP cells with 1 µM cyclosporin A for 4 h or 5 mM metformin for 4 h and 24 h.