Fig. 1.

IRS proteins in organs affected by diabetic complications. A selection of data from animal and human studies supporting changes in IRS proteins during diabetic heart disease (pink panel), diabetic nephropathy (purple panel), diabetic retinopathy (green panel), diabetic vascular disease (yellow panel), diabetic neuropathy (orange panel) and Alzheimer’s disease (blue panel). Details and supporting references are provided in the text. Red T-bar represents inhibition; green arrow represents activation; black arrow represents ‘leading to’. AngII, angiotensin II; βAR, β-adrenergic receptor; PDN, painful diabetic neuropathy