Table 1.
Relative risks from nonlinear dose–response analysis of 12 pre-defined food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes according to servings/day
| Food group | Risk ratio (RR), 95% CI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inverse association | ||||||||
| Servings per day | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Whole grains (1 serving = 30 g/day) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.76–0.81) | 0.75 (0.71–0.79) | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Vegetables (1 serving = 80 g/day) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) |
| Fruits (1 serving = 80 g/day) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) |
| Dairy (1 serving = 200 g/day) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | NA | NA |
| Positive association | ||||||||
| Refined grains (1 serving = 30 g/day) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) |
| Eggs (1 serving = 55 g/day) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Red meat (1 serving = 85 g/day) | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.14–1.21) | 1.37 (1.30–1.43) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Processed meat (1 serving = 35 g/day) | 1.00 | 1.29 (1.25–1.33) | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) | 1.39 (1.27–1.54) | 1.43 (1.26–1.63) | NA | NA | NA |
| Sugar sweetened beverages (1 serving = 250 ml/day) | 1.00 | 1.19 (1.14–1.23) | 1.28 (1.20–1.38) | 1.37 (1.23–1.53) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| No association | ||||||||
| Nuts (1 serving = 28 g/day) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Legumes (1 serving = 100 g/day) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.97 (0.90–1.03) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Fish (1 serving = 100 g/day) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |