FIGURE 3.

Acetic acid leads to a decrease in the levels of total ceramides but has no effect on complex sphingolipid levels in BY4741 and hrk1Δ mutant strains. Yeast cells were grown in MM4 growth medium, supplemented (AA) or not with 50 mM acetic acid (at pH 4.0). Relative values were calculated as described in the section “Materials and Methods.” ^∗Significant differences, obtained by Tukey’s or Dunn’s test (P < 0.05) compared with the respective control condition. The results were calculated from biological replicates (n = 11 for complex sphingolipids and ceramides) and are given as the mean ± standard deviation. DHC, Dihydroceramide; PHC, Phytoceramide; IPC, Inositol phosphate ceramide; MIPC, Mannosyl-inositol phosphate-ceramide; M(IP)₂C, Mannosyl-di-inositol phosphate-ceramide.