Table 3. Associations between risk factors and ULLA scores among participants with normal ABI.
|
Total severity |
Proximal |
Distal |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate OR | Multivariate OR | Univariate OR | Multivariate OR | Univariate OR | Multivariate OR | |
| Age (1 year) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | — | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | — | 1.11 (1.07, 1.14) | — |
| Male gender | 3.16 (1.94, 5.15) | — | 2.93 (1.78, 4.80) | — | 2.72 (1.63, 4.54) | — |
| BMIa (1 kg m−2) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | — | 1.02 (0.96, 1.07) | — | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | — |
| Packs per year (1 U) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) |
| Smoking statusb | ||||||
| Former | 2.14 (1.28, 3.58) | 1.49 (0.81, 2.76) | 1.92 (1.15, 3.22) | 1.31 (0.72, 2.41) | 1.67 (0.98, 2.84) | 1.18 (0.62, 2.24) |
| Active | 1.17 (0.61, 2.25) | 1.95 (0.96, 3.97) | 1.15 (0.59, 2.23) | 1.80 (0.87, 3.70) | 0.58 (0.29, 1.17) | 1.09 (0.50, 2.37) |
| Hypertension | 2.78 (1.68, 4.60) | 2.17 (1.26, 3.75) | 3.03 (1.82, 5.04) | 2.35 (1.34, 4.10) | 2.37 (1.39, 4.03) | 1.61 (0.90, 2.87) |
| Diabetes | 2.57 (1.55, 4.26) | 2.32 (1.35, 3.99) | 2.19 (1.31, 3.66) | 1.95 (1.12, 3.39) | 2.97 (1.74, 5.07) | 2.75 (1.54, 4.90) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.63 (1.01, 2.63) | 1.66 (1.01, 2.71) | 1.86 (1.15, 3.01) | 1.85 (1.13, 3.04) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.93) | 1.06 (0.63, 1.78) |
| CV family history | 1.15 (0.65, 2.05) | 1.94 (1.07, 3.53) | 0.92 (0.51, 1.64) | 1.30 (0.72, 2.38) | 1.15 (0.63, 2.11) | 2.13 (1.12, 4.05) |
| Sedentary | 2.13 (1.27, 3.57) | 1.84 (1.06, 3.17) | 1.55 (0.93, 2.59) | 1.23 (0.71, 2.12) | 2.31 (1.34, 4.00) | 1.94 (1.07, 3.51) |
| CV events | 2.06 (1.14, 3.71) | 1.12 (0.59, 2.12) | 2.41 (1.30, 4.48) | 1.37 (0.71, 2.66) | 1.84 (0.99, 3.41) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.02) |
Abbreviations: ABI, ankle–brachial index; BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; OR, odds ratio; ULLA, ultrasonographic lower limbs atherosclerosis.
a
Multivariate models adjusted for age, gender and BMI.
b
Reference group, never smoked.