Table 2. Screening criteria for BCVI used by Cothren et al. (20).

Signs & symptoms

Arterial hemorrhage

Cervical bruit

Expanding haematoma

Focal neurological deficit

Neurological examination incongruous with CT head findings

Stroke on secondary CT scan

Risk factors

High-energy mechanism with:

Cervical-spine fracture patterns

LeForte II or III fracture

Basilar skull fracture with carotid canal involvement

Diffuse axonal injury with GCS <6

Near-hanging with anoxic brain injury