Table 1. Baseline preoperative, operative, and postoperative variables.
| Variable | Morphine (n=98) | Fentanyl (n=61) | Hydromorphone (n=71) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative baseline variables | ||||
| Male (%) | 42.86 | 40.98 | 36.62 | 0.7134 |
| Age at surgery (years) | 56.53±12.62 | 58.80±13.56 | 54.32±13.85 | 0.1555 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.65±6.19 | 30.80±7.42 | 29.87±7.63 | 0.5882 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.72±0.17 | 3.47±0.18 | 3.51±0.16 | 0.5465 |
| Chronic steroid use (%) | 12.24 | 11.48 | 14.08 | 0.8944 |
| Smoker (%) | 26.53 | 16.39 | 19.72 | 0.2840 |
| COPD (%) | 2.04 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 0.5420 |
| HLD (%) | 16.33 | 18.03 | 11.27 | 0.5151 |
| CAD (%) | 9.18 | 13.11 | 7.04 | 0.4898 |
| PVD (%) | 2.04 | 6.56 | 5.63 | 0.3242 |
| CHF (%) | 1.02 | 0.00 | 2.82 | 0.3448 |
| HTN (%) | 52.04 | 59.02 | 45.07 | 0.2778 |
| AFib (%) | 0.00 | 1.64 | 4.23 | 0.1161 |
| Operative variables | ||||
| Operative time (min) | 176.12±8.48 | 202.57±10.74 | 194.94±9.96 | 0.1211 |
| EBL (mL) | 523.2±641.34 | 883.83±1,289.27 | 714.09±1,049.27 | 0.0871 |
| UOP | 402.74±52.85 | 483.88±63.42 | 490.76±58.89 | 0.4617 |
| Fusion levels | 2.69±0.31 | 3.33±0.39 | 3.79±0.36 | 0.0672 |
| Postoperative variables | ||||
| LOS (days) | 4.18±0.43 | 5.56±0.54 | 5.69±0.50 | 0.0376 |
| UTI (%) | 5.15 | 16.39 | 5.63 | 0.0277 |
| Pneumonia (%) | 1.03 | 3.28 | 2.82 | 0.5830 |
| Deep surgical site infection (%) | 1.02 | 3.28 | 1.41 | 0.5522 |
| Superficial surgical site infection (%) | 0.87 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.5863 |
| Other infection (%) | 5.10 | 6.56 | 5.63 | 0.9280 |
| DVT (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| PE (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| First post-op ambulation (feet) | 118.44±18.15 | 59.26±20.78 | 125.91±19.85 | 0.0420 |
| Ambulation at discharge (feet) | 244.88±16.49 | 195.60±20.32 | 215.26±18.4 | 0.1566 |
| 30-day readmission rate (%) | 5.10 | 11.48 | 11.27 | 0.2492 |
Data expressed as mean SD or number (%); values significant at the P<0.05 level are in bold. BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HLD, hyperlipidemia; CAD, coronary artery disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; HTN, hypertension; Afib, atrial fibrillation; EBL, estimated blood loss; UOP, urinary output; UTI, urinary tract infection; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism.