Table 1.
Literature information on cyanide concentrations in different environmental samples
| Type of sample | Source of sample | Concentration | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Air | |||
| Outdoor air | Lower atmosphere | 0.36 ± 0.16 ppbv | Ambose et al. (2012) |
| Atmosphere | 333 ± 44 pptv (summer) | Zhao et al. (2000) | |
| 195 ± 16 pptv (winter) | |||
| Lower stratosphere | 233.5 ± 160.6 ppt | Singh et al. (2003) | |
| 280 ± 4 pptv | Viggiano et al. (2003) | ||
| Stratosphere | 164 pptv | Scheneider et al. (1997) | |
| Gold field | 0.76 ppb | Orloff et al. (2006) | |
| Vehicular emissions | 654 t/year | Moussa et al. (2016) | |
| Vehicular emission | 0.45 mg/km | Karlsson and Botz (2004) | |
| Indoor air | Vehicular exposure in garage | 0.32 μg/m3 | Karlsson and Botz (2004) |
| Air in car | 14–20 ppm | Mangnusson et al. (2012) | |
| Fire | 1.8 ± 3 mg/kg | Paton-Walsh et al. (2010) | |
| Tobacco smoke | |||
| Cigarette | China | 125.2 μg/cig. | Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Spain | 6.6 μg/ cig. | Marcilla et al. (2012) | |
| Russia | 27 μg/cig. | Ashley et al. (2014) | |
| CAMEL Lights | 184.825 μg/cig. | Mahernia et al. (2015) | |
| Marlboro Gold (Germany) | 165.871 μg/cig. | ||
| Marlboro Extra (USA) | 164.309 μg/cig. | ||
| Marlboro Lights (Switzerland) | 69.344 μg/cig. | ||
| Winston Blue (Europe) | 99.244 μg/cig. | ||
| Switzerland | 4.1 ng/cig. | Mottier et al. (2010) | |
| China | 98.38 μg/cig. | Xu et al. (2006) | |
| Water | |||
| Surface water | Korea (Gum River) | 1.01 ± 0.03 μg/L | Kang and Shin (2014) |
| – | 0.77 mg/L | Dadfarnia et al. (2007) | |
| Brazil | 25–50 μg/L | Frizzarin and Rocha (2013) | |
| China | – | Wan et al. (2015) | |
| Italy | 5.11 μg/L | Giuriati et al. (2004) | |
| Drinking water | USA (Sunnyvale) | <LOD | Christinson and Rohrer (2007) |
| USA (San Jose) | <LOD | ||
| Sweden | – | Themelis et al. (2009) | |
| Iran | <LOD | Absalan et al. (2010) | |
| Tap water | Iran | 0.6 μg/L | Abbasi et al. (2010) |
| Wastewater | |||
| Petrochemical sludge | 6.1–63.5 μg/L | Dadfarnia et al. (2007) | |
| Electroplating waste | 0.04–1.2 μg/mL | Hassan et al. (2007) | |
| Petrochemical sludge | 4600.2 μg/L | Abbasi et al. (2010) | |
| Gold cyanidation solution | 540 mg/L | Breuer et al. (2011) | |
| Industrial wastewater | – | Noroozifar et al. (2011) | |
| Soil | |||
| Japan | 0.060 mg/L | Matsumura and Kojima (2003) | |
| Coking plant sites (Germany) | 32.8 ± 1.44 mg/kg | Mansfeldt and Biernath (2000) | |
| Coking plant sites (France) | 46.5 ± 14.5 mg/L | Manar et al. (2011) | |
| Goldmine (Tawurbiek, China) | 70.55 μg/g | Shehong et al. (2005) | |
| Coking plant sites (Germany) | 0.14 mg/L | Rennert and Mansfeldt (2006) | |
| Gold mine (Brazil) | 0.83–1.44 mg/kg | Prereira and Sousa Neto (2007) | |
| Techatticup Mine site (USA) |
<0.01 mg/kg | Sims and Francis (2008) | |
| Fresh food | |||
| Kernel/seed | Apple | 2.80 ± 0.02 mg/kg | Ma et al. (2010) |
| 690 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) | ||
| 1–3.9 mg/g | Bolarinwa et al. (2015) | ||
| Apricot | 1.88 ± 0.07 mg/kg | Ma et al. (2010) | |
| 785 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) | ||
| 14.37 ± 0.28 mg/g | Bolarinwa et al. (2014) | ||
| Peach | 710 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) | |
| Nectarine | 196 ppm | ||
| Plum | 696 ppm | ||
| Bean | 1.76–1.77 mg/kg | Chove and Mamiro (2010) | |
| Millet | 2.11–2.14 mg/kg | ||
| Lensed | 390 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) | |
| Rubber tree | – | Abdullah et al. (2013) | |
| Nuts | – | Chove and Mamiro (2010) | |
| Plum | 247 mg/100 g | Surleva and Drochioiu (2013) | |
| Almond | 7.4 μg/100 g | ||
| Apple | 108 mg/100 g | ||
| Flax | 7.3 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaf | Sorghum | 750 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) |
| Alocasia macrorrhizos | 29 ppm | ||
| Spinach | 2.51 ± 0.6 μg/g | Kuti and Konoru (2006) | |
| 1.28 ± μg/g | |||
| Chokecherry | 4.7–15 mg/kg | Pentore et al. (1996) | |
| Bamboo | 1010 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) | |
| Grapevine | 123–329 mg/kg | Franks et al. (2005) | |
| Root | Manioc | 27 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) |
| Processed food | |||
| Liquor | Cherry | 1 ng/mL | Wu et al. (2015) |
| Juice | Apple juice | 0.003 mg/mL | Bolarinwa et al. (2015) |
| Marzipan | 0.02 mg/g | Bolarinwa et al. (2014) | |
| Flour | Manioc | 43 ± 20 ppm | Haque and Bradbury (2002) |
| 232 ± 10 mg/kg | Tivana et al. (2014) | ||
| 2.3 mg/kg | Kalenga Saka and Nyirenda (2012) | ||
| Garri | 16.7 ppm | Bradbury (2009) | |