Table 3.

Literature information on cyanide concentrations in biological samples

Type of sample	Source of sample	Concentration	References
Liquid
Blood	Poisoning	2.77 mg/L	Sanchez-Verlaan et al. (2011)
	Fire victims	1.06 mg/L	McAllister et al. (2011)
	Fire victims	2.0–7.2 mg/L	Ferrari et al. (2001)
	Fire victims	1.06 mg/L	Yeoh and Braitberg (2004)
	Health volunteers	0.08 μM/mL	Kage et al. (1996)
	Fire victims	5.32 mg/L	Moriya and Hashimoto (2003)
	Post-mortem blood sample	0.03 mg/L	Felby (2009)
	Living organism	0–0.04 mg/L
Urine	Health volunteers	0.1 mg/L	Cruz-Landeira et al. (2000)
	Death poisoning	0.15 g/mL	Liu et al. (2009a)
	Smoker	518 ± 123 nM	Zhang et al. (2015)
	Smoker	0.42 μM/L	Jermak et al. (2006)
	Non-smoker	n/a
	Non-smoker volunteers	0.15 μg/mL	Liu et al. (2009b)
Nasal discharge	Health volunteers	0.121 mg/L	Narkowicz et al. (2013b)
Saliva	Health volunteers	0.66 ± 0.52 μM	Tsunge et al. (2000)
	Smoker	0.76 μM/L	Jermak et al. (2006)
	Non-smoker	0.38 μM/L
Plasma	Non-smoker volunteers	11.4 μg/mL	Liu et al. (2009b)
Gastric content	Suicide victim	135 μg/mL	Minakata et al. (2009)
Gas
Breath	Health volunteers	14 ppb	Španěl et al. (2007a)
	School students	7 ppb	Španěl et al. (2007b)
	Three volunteers	0–62 ppbv	Ma et al. (2010)
	Patients with lung disease	25.1 ppb	Dummer et al. (2013)