Table 4.

Cyanide toxicity

Organism	Cyanide form	Parameter/exposure time	Concentration range	References
Fish
Oncorhynchus mykiss	K3Co(CN)6	LC50/96 h	112.9 mg/L	Little et al. (2007)
Cyprinus carpio	NaCN	LC50/96 h	1.0 mg/L	David and Kartheek (2016)
Penaeus monodon	NaCN	LC50/96 h	0.110 mg/L	Pablo et al. (1997a, b)
	K3Fe(CN)6		9.1 mg/L
	K4Fe(CN)6		60.8 mg/L
Salmo gairdneri	HCN	LC50/96 h	0.057 mg/L	McGeachy and Leduc (1988)
Cyprinus carpio	NaCN	LC50/96 h	1.0 mg/L	David et al. (2008)
Acanthopagrus butcher	NaCN	LC50/96 h	70 μg/L	Pablo et al. (1996)
	K3Fe(CN)6	LC50/96 h	1730 μg/L
	K4Fe(CN)6	LC50/96 h	20.5 μg/L
Carassius auratus	NaCN	LC50/96 h	318 μg/L	Cardwell et al. (2006)
Lepomis macrochirus	NaCN	LC50/96 h	134 μg/L	Kimball et al. (1978)
	HCN	NOEC	<5 μg/L
Macquaria novemaculeata	NaCN	LC50/96 h	109 μg/L	Pablo et al. (1996)
	K3Fe(CN)6	LC50/96 h	2830 μg/L
	K4Fe(CN)6	LC50/96 h	285,000 μg/L
Pimephales promelas	NaCN	LC50/8 days	114 μg/L	Cardwell et al. (2006)
Pimephales promelas	HCN	NOEC-LOEC/256 days	12.9–19.6 μg/L	Lind et al. (1977)
Invertebrates
Daphnia magna	NaCN	LC50/24 h	0.171 mg/L	Jaafarzadeh et al. (2013)
		LC50/48 h	0.12 mg/L
		LC50/72 h	0.07 mg/L
		LC50/96 h	0.019 mg/L
Daphnia magna	K3Co(CN)6	LC50/96 h	0.502 mg/L	Little et al. (2007)
Ceriodaphnia dubia		LC50/96 h	2.289 mg/L
Chlamys asperrimus	NaCN	EC50/48 h	0.0286 mg/L	Pablo et al. (1997a, b)
	K3Fe(CN)6		0.128 mg/L
	K4Fe(CN)6		0.686 mg/L
Asellus communis	HCN	NOEC-LOEC/112 days	29–40 μg/L	Oseid and Smith (1979)
Gammarus fasciatus	NaCN	LC50/96 h	900 μg/L	Ewell et al. (1986)
Cyclops viridis	NaCN	LC50/96 h	158 μg/L	Sarkar (1990)
Algae
Nitzschia closterium	NaCN	EC50/72 h	57 μg/L	Pablo et al. (1997a, b)
	K3Fe(CN)6	EC50/72 h	127 μg/L
	K4Fe(CN)6	EC50/72 h	267 μg/L
Scenedesmus quadricauda	KCN	LOEC/8 days	30 μg/L	Bringmann and Kühn (1980)
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata	NaCN	EC50/72 h	116 μg/L	Manar et al. (2011)
	K3Fe(CN)6	EC50/72 h	158 μg/L
	K4Fe(CN)6	EC50/72 h	283 μg/L
Upper organism
Mice	KCN	LD50/24 h	8.4 mg/kg	Yamamoto (1995)
Mice	KCN	LD50/24 h	8.87 mg/kg	Jiang et al. (1998)
Rat	CH3CN	LD50/24 h	>5000	Rao et al. (2013)
	CH2CHCN		95.1 mg/kg
	CH2(CN)2		66.4 mg/kg
	CH3CH2CN		83.6 mg/kg
	Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O		83.6 mg/kg
	C2H4(CN)2		378.5 mg/kg