Figure 4. Sex-specific differences in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome.

Note: Although Coronary vasospasm, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and stress-related (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy do occur in both males and females, these presentations are much more common among females. With respect to thrombus formation, males are more likely to present with ruptured plaque while females are more likely to present with eroded plaques. Adapted from Pagidipati et al¹²⁴., with permission