Table 1.
Types, organs of expression and functions of BMPs.
| BMP Type | Human Chromosome | Expression in Human Tissues | Functions Performed in Humans |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMP-1 | 8p21.3 | Heart, Skeletal Muscle, Kidney, Lung, Liver, Pancreas, Prostate, Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen, Spinal Cord, Brain | Metalloprotease that cleaves COOH–propeptides of procollagens I, II, and III/Induces cartilage formation/Cleaves BMP antagonist chordin [61] |
| BMP-2 | 20p12 | Pancreas, Spleen, Kidney, Lung | Skeletal repair and regeneration/Heart formation [62,63] |
| BMP-3 (osteogenin) | 4q21.21 | Bone Marrow, Spleen, Brain, Heart, Prostate, Pancreas, Skeletal Muscle, Thymus, | Negative regulator of bone Morphogenesis [64] |
| BMP-3b (GDF10) | 10q11.22 | Spinal Cord, Skeletal, Muscle, Prostate, Brain, Pancreas | Cell differentiation regulation/Skeletal morphogenesis [65] |
| BMP-4 (BMP-2b) | 14q22–q23 | Brain, Spinal Cord, Spleen, Thymus, Bone Marrow, Heart, Skeletal Muscle, Kidney, Lung, Liver, Prostate, Pancreas | Skeletal repair and regeneration/Kidney formation [66,67,68] |
| BMP-5 | 6p12.1 | Prostate, Spleen, Thymus, Bone Marrow, Brain, Spinal cord, Pancreas, Lung, Heart, Skeletal Muscle, Kidney | Limb development/Bone and cartilage morphogenesis/Connecting soft tissues [69,70] |
| BMP-6 (Vrg1, Dvr6) | 6p24–p23 | Bone Marrow, Thymus, Heart, Skeletal Muscle, Spleen, Brain, Spinal Cord, Muscle, Kidney, Lung, Liver, Prostate, Pancreas | Cartilage hypertrophy/Bone morphogenesis/Nervous system development [71,72] |
| BMP-7 (OP1) | 20q13 | Brain, Spinal Cord, Prostate, Thymus, Bone Marrow, Spleen, Heart, Skeletal Muscle, Kidney, Lung, Liver, Pancreas | Skeletal repair and regeneration/Kidney and eye formation/Nervous system development [72,73,74,75] |
| BMP-8a (OP2) | 1p34.3 | Pancreas, Heart, Kidney, Thymus, Bone Marrow, Spleen, Brain, Spinal Cord, Lung, Prostate | Bone morphogenesis/Spermatogenesis [76] |
| BMP-8b | 1p35–p32 | Brain, Spinal Cord, Heart, Bone Marrow, Pancreas, Spleen, Skeletal Muscle, Kidney, Liver | Spermatogenesis [76] |
| BMP-9 (GDF2) | 10q11.22 | Liver | Bone morphogenesis/Development of cholinergic neurons/Glucose metabolism/Anti-angiogenesis [77] |
| BMP-10 | 2p13.3 | Thymus, Spleen, Brain, Spinal Cord, Heart, Lung, Pancreas, Prostate, Bone Marrow, Skeletal Muscle, Liver | Cardiac morphogenesis [77] |
| BMP-11 (GDF11) | 12q13.2 | Thymus, Bone Marrow, Pancreas, Spinal Cord, Brain, Spleen | Patterning mesodermal and Neural tissues, Dentin Formation [78] |
| BMP-12 (GDF7/CDMP2) | 2p24.1 | Data not available | Ligament and Tendon development/Sensory neuron development [79] |
| BMP-13 (GDF6/CDMP2) | 8q22.1 | Data not available | Normal formation of bones and joins/Skeletal morphogenesis/Chondrogenesis [80,81] |
| BMP-14 (GDF5/CDMP1) | 20q11.2 | Bone Marrow, Kidney, Liver, Heart | Skeletal repair and regeneration [75] |
| BMP-15 (GDF9b) | Xp11.2 | Data not available | Oocyte and Follicular development [82] |
| BMP-16 | Data not available | Data not available | Skeletal repair and regeneration [83] |
| BMP-17 | Data not available | Data not available | Data not found [84] |
| BMP-18 | Data not available | Data not available | Data not found [84] |