Table 2.
Biomaterial carriers investigated for BMP delivery in bone tissue engineering.
| Carrier | BMP | Matrix type | Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Synthetic Polymers | |||
| PGA | BMP-2 | Membrane | Dog periodontal repair [91] |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Cervical spinal fusion in goats [92] | |
| BMP-9 | Scaffolds | In vitro bone/cartilage formation [93] | |
| PLGA | BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Orbital floor reconstruction in sheep [94] |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Rabbit femoral head necrosis [95] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | In vitro release and rat calvaria [96] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Canine mandibular defects [97] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Alveolar ridge defects in rats [98] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Rabbit radius defects [99] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Alveolar cleft repair in dogs [100] | |
| PLGA-gelatine | BMP-2 | Composites | Rabbit ulnar defects [101] |
| BMP-2 | Hydrogel/scaffold | Rabbit knee cartilage/bone interface [102] | |
| BMP-2 | Composites | Dog tooth defects [103] | |
| BMP-2 | Composites | Dog tibia defects [101] | |
| PLGA-fibrin | BMP-2 | Sealant | Rabbit radial bone defect [104] |
| PLGA-heparin | BMP-2 | Composites | Ectopic model in rat [105] |
| PLA | BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Rabbit ulna [106] |
| BMP-2 | Composite | Radial defects in rabbit [107] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Ectopic bone formation in rats [108] | |
| PLA-collagen | BMP-2 | Membrane | Ectopic bone formation in rabbits [109] |
| BMP-2 | Composite | Rat ectopic bone formation [110] | |
| PLA-DX-PEG | BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Femoral canine model [111] |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Rat cranial defects [112] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Mice ectopic bone formation [113] | |
| PEG-based | BMP-2 | Hydrogels | Rat cranial defects [114,115] |
| BMP-2 | Hydrogels | Rat critical sized cranial defects [116] | |
| Bmp-2 | Hydrogels | In vitro release profiling [117] | |
| PEG-based, heparin | BMP-2 | Hydrogels | Rat critical sized calvarial defects [118] |
| Isopropylacrylamide | BMP-2 | Hydrogels | Ectopic bone formation [119] |
| Natural Polymers | |||
| Fibrin | BMP-2 | Gels | Rabbits, dogs, rats and cats; various bone defects [120,121,122] |
| BMP-2 | Sealant | Ectopic bone formation in mice [123,124] | |
| BMP-2 | Sealant | Human frontal bone defect [125] | |
| BMP-2 | Sealant | Differentiation of rabbit bone marrow cells [126] | |
| Fibrin-collagen | BMP-2 | Sealant in sponge | Rat spinal model [127] |
| Fibrin-heparin-collagen | BMP-2 | Sponge | Mouse calvarial defects [128] |
| Fibrin-heparin | BMP-2 | Sponge | Spinal fusion in rabbit [129] |
| BMP-2 | Sponge | Posterior lumbar fusion in rabbits [130] | |
| Gelatine | BMP-2 | Hydrogel | Rabbit skull defects [131] |
| BMP-2 | Hydrogel | Non-human primate skulls [132] | |
| BMP-2 | Hydrogel | Ectopic bone formation in mice [133,134] | |
| Hyaluronic acid | BMP-2 | Hydrogel | Ectopic bone formation in rats [135] |
| BMP-2 | Hydrogel | In vitro release model [136] | |
| BMP-2 & 4 | Sponges | Rat mandibular defects [137,138] | |
| BMP-2 | Sponges | Dog alveolar ridge defects [139] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Periodontal repair in dogs [91] | |
| BMP-2 | Gels | Osteotomy in non-human primates [140] | |
| BMP-2 | Gels | Non-union tibial defects in rabbits [141] | |
| Hyaluronic acid -PLA | BMP-2 | Composite | Rat femurs critical sized defects [142] |
| Silk fibroin | BMP-2 | Films | Cranial defects in mice [143,144] |
| BMP-2 | Nano-fibers (electrospun) | Differentiation of human bone marrow cells [145] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Critical sized defects in rats [143] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffolds | Cranial defects in mice [146] | |
| Alginate | BMP-2 | Hydrogels | Ectopic bone formation in mice [147] |
| BMP-2 | Gels | Tibial defects in rats and ectopic bone formation [112,148,149] | |
| BMP-2 | Gels | Rabbit radial bone defects [150] | |
| Chitosan | BMP-2 | films | C2C12 cell line differentiation [151] |
| BMP-2 | Membranes | Osteoblast cell differentiation [152] | |
| Chitosan-collagen | BMP-7 | Scaffold | Cell differentiation [153] |
| Chitosan-alginate | BMP-2 | Gel | Mice trabecular bone formation [154] |
| Chitosan-gelatine | BMP-2 | Composite | Osteoblast differentiation [155] |
| Dextran | BMP-2 | Hydrogel | Rat ectopic model [156] |
| Titanium | |||
| Titanium | BMP-2 | Implant (porous) | Dog humerus [157] |
| BMP-2 | Implant (porous) | Dog mandible [158] | |
| BMP-7 | Implant (threaded) | Rabbit femur [159] | |
| BMP-2 | Particles | In vitro assay [160] | |
| BMP-2 | Shell capsule composite | Alveolar bone reconstruction [161] | |
| Titanium-HA | BMP-2 | Cylinder | Sheep tibia [162] |
| BMP-2 | Implant coating | In vitro evaluation [163] | |
| Titanium-HA-heparin | BMP-2 | Composite | In vitro and in vivo (distal femur of rabbit) [164] |
| Titanium-chitosan | BMP-2 | Composite | In vitro model [165] |
| Micro and Nanoscale Carriers & Polymer-Ceramic Composites | |||
| PLGA | BMP-7 | Microparticles | Sheep vertebrae [166] |
| BMP-2 | Microparticles | Rabbit calvarial bone defects [167] | |
| BMP-2 | Microparticles | Osteoblast differentiation in vitro [168] | |
| BMP-2 | Microparticles | Rat femurs [169] | |
| BMP-2 | Microparticles | Rat calvarial bone defects [170] | |
| PLGA-CaP | BMP-2 | Microparticles | Rat cranial and ectopic model [171,172] |
| PLA | BMP-2 | Microparticles | Ectopic bone formation in rats [173] |
| PLA-PCL | BMP-2 | Nanoparticles | Radius of rabbits [174] |
| Collagen-HA | BMP-4 | Microparticles | Rabbit femoral bone defects [175] |
| BMP-2 | Scaffold | Implantation in rat hind limb [176] | |
| BMP-2 | Scaffold | In vitro release study [177] | |
| BMP-2 | Nanocrystals/fibres | Spinal fusion, tibial fractures in dogs [178] | |
| Dextran | BMP-2 | Nanoparticles | In vitro differentiation of rabbit bone marrow cells [179] |
| Dextran-PEG | BMP-2 | Microparticles | In vitro differentiation of rabbit bone marrow cells [180] |
| Dextran-gelatin | BMP-2 | Microparticles | Periodontal regeneration in dogs [181] |
| Chitosan-alginate | BMP-2 | Microparticles | Canine defects [182] |
| Hyaluronic acid-HA | BMP-2 | Composite | Osteointegration in sheep cancellous bone [183] |
| PLA-collagen-HA | BMP-2 | Composite | Mice ectopic bone formation [184] |
| BMP-2 | Composite | Radius defects in dogs [185] | |
| PLA-PEG-HA | BMP-2 | Composite | Rabbit radius model [186] |
| PLA-DX-PEG-CaP | BMP-2 | Composite | Femur defects in rabbits [187] |
| BMP-2 | Composite | Femur defects in rabbits [188] | |
| Composite | Spinal fusion in rabbits [189] | ||
| Fibrin-CaP | BMP-2 | Sealant | Rat calvarial defects [190] |
| CaP | BMP-2 | Scaffold (porous) | Maxillary sinus floor elevation in rabbits [191] |
| BMP-2 | Solid free form fabricated scaffold | In vitro and in vivo evaluation [192] | |
| Biphasic CaP | BMP-7 | Scaffold | Ectopic mouse model [193] |
| HA-TCP | BMP-2 | Scaffold | Rabbit calvarium [194] |
| BMP-2 | Scaffold | Ectopic bone formation in rats [195] | |
Notes: PGA: Poly-glycolic acid; PLGA: Poly-lactic-glycolic acid; PLA: Poly-lactic-acid; DX: Dioxanone; PEG: Poly-ethylene-glycol; HA: Hydroxylapatite; Ca-P: Calcium phosphate; PCL: Polycaprolactone.