Table III.
Complications of elevated CRP
| Authors | Population | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|
| Vadakayil et al. [59] | Patients with chronic plaque psoriasis | Elevated levels of CRP are a useful marker of psoriasis severity, and may be an independent risk factor for CVD |
| Takahashi et al. [60] | Psoriasis vulgaris patients | CRP level is increased in psoriasis, and can predict the future risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease |
| Ma et al. [61] | Patients with large artery atherosclerosis and small artery occlusion had higher levels of CRP, fibrinogen, and CXCL16 (chemokine) | |
| KöşÜş et al. [62] | Obese pregnant women are susceptible to the development of metabolic complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and CVDs due to CRP and SCFT | |
| Kurtoglu et al. [63] | Heart disease patients | Increased risk of mitral annular calcification |
| Rajendran et al. [64] | Chennai population India | Acute myocardial infarction |
| Woodard et al. [65] | Women transitioning through menopause | Aortic stiffness |
| Lee et al. [66] | T2DM (free of CVDs) | Major adverse cardiovascular events |
| Kalhan et al. [67] | Young adults | Abnormal lung functions |
| Den Hertog et al. [68] | Ischemic stroke patients | Poor outcome or death |
| Devaraj et al. [69] | CRP impaired glycocalyx function “lines and protects endothelial luminal surface”, leading to endothelial dysfunction, resulting in atherogenesis | |
| Cirillo et al. [70] | Metabolic syndrome and progressive renal disease | |
| Hubel et al. [71] | Pregnant women | Preeclampsia |
| Trichopoulos et al. [72] | CRP was a strong carcinogenic factor, associated with liver cancer, lymphoma, bladder cancer, leukemia | |
| Erlinger et al. [73] | CRP strongly correlated with colorectal cancer | |
| Seddon et al. [74] | Geriatrics | Macular degeneration |
| Russell et al. [75] | Polymorphism at the CRP locus influences gene expression and predisposes to systemic lupus erythematosus | |
| Sesso et al. [76] | Prospective with normal BP in female aged ≥ 45 years | Hypertension |
| Stuveling et al. [77] | Renal disease patients | Renal function loss due to glomerular hyperfiltration |
| Ridker [78] | Heart attack and stroke | |
| Han et al. [79] | Prospective in Caucasians (Mexico), CRP predicted T2DM and metabolic syndrome in adults | |
| Mallya et al. [80] | CRP concentration closely reflects activity of rheumatoid arthritis | |
CVDs – cardiovascular diseases, T2DM – type 2 diabetes, CRP – C-reactive protein, BP – blood pressure, SCFT – subcutaneous abdominal fat thickness. The increases of CRP induce the complications.