Table 1. Effects of a high-fructose diet alone and in combination with aliskiren treatment on serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, and adipocytokines.
| Group | Con | Fru | FruA | FruB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose, mmol/L | ||||
| Day 0 | 6.45 ± 0.70 | 6.36 ± 0.75 | 6.32 ± 0.56 | 6.38 ± 0.54 |
| Day 28 | 6.40 ± 0.41 | 10.23 ± 0.79*^ | 6.42 ± 0.35# | 10.56 ± 1.10*^ |
| Day 56 | 6.62 ± 0.52 | 10.73 ± 0.39*^ | 6.92 ± 0.65# | 7.04 ± 0.58# |
| Insulin, pmol/L | ||||
| Day 0 | 159.3 ± 21.5 | 151.1 ± 25.1 | 152.6 ± 24.8 | 155.2 ± 23.3 |
| Day 28 | 157.8 ± 18.2 | 293.0 ± 30.8*^ | 158.6 ± 26.9# | 289.6 ± 28.2*^ |
| Day 56 | 151.2 ± 25.4 | 297.8 ± 21.3*^ | 168.2 ± 22.8# | 181.2 ± 25.2# |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | ||||
| Day 0 | 1.56 ± 0.09 | 1.58 ± 0.12 | 1.58 ± 0.10 | 1.52 ± 0.08 |
| Day 28 | 1.60 ± 0.10 | 3.11 ± 0.21*^ | 1.62 ± 0.12# | 3.12 ± 0.19*^ |
| Day 56 | 1.55 ± 0.08 | 3.29 ± 0.21*^ | 1.68 ± 0.20# | 1.72 ± 0.13# |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | ||||
| Day 0 | 2.25 ± 0.21 | 2.28 ± 0.25 | 2.23 ± 0.24 | 2.20 ± 0.30 |
| Day 28 | 2.28 ± 0.42 | 3.21 ± 0.28*^ | 2.36 ± 0.26# | 3.23 ± 0.21*^ |
| Day 56 | 2.30 ± 0.25 | 3.26 ± 0.25*^ | 2.51 ± 0.22# | 2.68 ± 0.25# |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | ||||
| Day 0 | 41.55 ± 6.40 | 39.63 ± 5.40 | 40.42 ± 5.93 | 40.26 ± 5.64 |
| Day 28 | 40.31 ± 4.51 | 41.52 ± 4.65 | 43.62 ± 6.03 | 41.87 ± 5.52 |
| Day 56 | 41.62 ± 6.24 | 42.23 ± 5.63 | 43.82 ± 5.21 | 42.74 ± 5.04 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | ||||
| Day 0 | 12 673 ± 571 | 12 516 ± 997 | 12 022 ± 516 | 12 496 ± 985 |
| Day 28 | 11 812 ± 919 | 7488 ± 812*^ | 11 088 ± 678# | 7698 ± 699*^ |
| Day 56 | 12 527 ± 650 | 7158 ± 990*^ | 11 030 ± 976# | 9618 ± 727*^# |
| Leptin, ng/mL | ||||
| Day 0 | 295 ± 71 | 294 ± 23 | 232 ± 37 | 250 ± 46 |
| Day 28 | 634 ± 218* | 1368 ± 227*^ | 531 ± 139*# | 1321 ± 220*^ |
| Day 56 | 507 ± 230* | 1347 ± 223*^ | 440 ± 198*# | 648 ± 216*# |
| Resistin, ng/mL | ||||
| Day 0 | 22.49 ± 2.01 | 20.98 ± 1.97 | 22.37 ± 3.41 | 23.43 ± 1.41 |
| Day 28 | 22.54 ± 1.32 | 31.83 ± 3.15*^ | 21.82 ±3.33# | 30.32 ± 3.44*^ |
| Day 56 | 20.87 ± 3.56 | 30.48 ± 3.73*^ | 23.48 ±1.92# | 22.72 ± 2.62# |
| Visfatin, ng/mL | ||||
| Day 0 | 11.54 ± 1.15 | 12.36 ± 2.78 | 11.56 ± 2.14 | 10.98 ± 2.37 |
| Day 28 | 10.28 ± 2.42 | 22.42 ± 3.27*^ | 10.81 ±2.51# | 21.33 ± 2.72*^ |
| Day 56 | 10.98 ± 2.51 | 21.67 ± 2.94*^ | 11.32 ± 2.75# | 13.67 ± 2.75# |
Con: control rats were fed a normal chow diet; Fru: rats were fed a high-fructose diet for 8 weeks; FruA: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was concurrently administered; FruB: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was administered 4 weeks after the initiation of high-fructose feeding. Values are expressed as means ± SD.
* denotes P < 0.05 versus pre-fructose period.
^ and # denote P < 0.05 versus control rats and fructose-fed rats at the corresponding time point, respectively. N = 6 for each group.