Table 2. Mean MAE values for testing trials using EMG-driven models calibrated at all available walking speeds without (NGA) and with (WGA) geometric adjustments.
The percent change in MAE when geometric adjustments were added is also reported, with the standard deviation of MAE between trials shown in parenthesis.
| Gait Speed | Model Type | Hip FE (N-m) | Hip AA (N-m) | Knee FE (N-m) | Ankle PDF (N-m) | Ankle IE (N-m) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | ||
| 0.4 m/s | NGA | 5.28 (1.34) | 5.31 (1.39) | 7.23 (0.83) | 7.91 (1.57) | 6.6 (0.49) | 5.43 (1.26) | 7.44 (2.29) | 5.96 (1.08) | 2.48 (1.46) | 6.18 (1.14) |
| WGA | 3.83 (0.81) | 4.61 (1.29) | 3.58 (0.46) | 4.99 (1.03) | 5.22 (0.66) | 4.69 (0.94) | 5.44 (2.66) | 5.28 (0.98) | 2.27 (1.85) | 4.88 (0.34) | |
| % Change | -27.43* | -13.19 | -50.46* | -36.92* | -20.93* | -13.71* | -26.96* | -11.43 | -8.54 | -21.09* | |
| 0.5 m/s | NGA | 4.23 (1.03) | 5.94 (1.28) | 5.87 (0.72) | 7.64 (2.11) | 7.07 (0.78) | 4.67 (1.18) | 7.50 (2.15) | 7.14 (0.89) | 3.52 (2.47) | 5.74 (0.73) |
| WGA | 3.47 (0.64) | 4.47 (1.23) | 4.02 (1.36) | 4.26 (1.69) | 5.33 (0.64) | 4.28 (0.83) | 4.85 (0.94) | 6.09 (1.16) | 3.46 (2.74) | 4.40 (0.91) | |
| % Change | -18.06* | -24.69* | -31.49* | -44.30* | -24.62* | -8.26 | -35.31* | -14.70* | -1.90 | -23.43* | |
| 0.6 m/s | NGA | 5.46 (1.43) | 6.76 (0.89) | 8.01 (1.89) | 7.81 (0.86) | 5.33 (1.14) | 5.11 (1.49) | 7.27 (1.92) | 7.24 (2.39) | 3.42 (1.15) | 5.98 (1.19) |
| WGA | 4.10 (0.75) | 4.94 (1.33) | 4.55 (0.60) | 4.46 (0.73) | 4.27 (0.85) | 4.81 (1.50) | 4.89 (2.03) | 5.63 (0.75) | 2.84 (1.40) | 4.27 (0.93) | |
| % Change | -24.91* | -27.00* | -43.23* | -42.92* | -19.91* | -5.78 | -32.76* | -22.21* | -17.04* | -28.53* | |
| 0.7 m/s | NGA | 6.33 (1.05) | 7.08 (0.94) | 6.87 (1.37) | 8.26 (1.09) | 5.52 (1.07) | 6.05 (1.58) | 8.01 (2.33) | 7.43 (1.52) | 3.15 (1.31) | 5.78 (1.04) |
| WGA | 4.73 (1.10) | 5.50 (0.99) | 4.41 (1.48) | 4.46 (1.30) | 4.55 (0.52) | 4.92 (1.52) | 5.98 (1.33) | 5.51 (0.91) | 2.95 (1.33) | 4.05 (0.64) | |
| % Change | -25.34* | -22.22* | -35.88* | -45.98* | -17.50 | -18.58* | -25.34* | -25.85* | -6.23 | -30.02* | |
| 0.8 m/s | NGA | 6.92 (0.79) | 7.45 (1.03) | 7.17 (1.06) | 8.81 (1.70) | 6.43 (0.61) | 4.76 (1.12) | 8.48 (1.79) | 7.24 (1.26) | 3.56 (1.73) | 5.50 (0.54) |
| WGA | 5.11 (1.30) | 5.04 (1.10) | 4.55 (0.62) | 4.79 (0.98) | 5.28 (0.56) | 4.22 (1.39) | 5.93 (1.56) | 5.99 (1.18) | 2.91 (1.41) | 4.22 (0.39) | |
| % Change | -26.17* | -32.32* | -36.50* | -45.61* | -17.90* | -11.31* | -30.11* | -17.29* | -18.15* | -23.38* | |
| Average | NGA | 5.65 | 6.51 | 7.03 | 8.09 | 6.19 | 5.20 | 7.74 | 7.00 | 3.23 | 5.84 |
| WGA | 4.25 | 4.91 | 4.22 | 4.59 | 4.93 | 4.58 | 5.42 | 5.70 | 2.88 | 4.36 | |
| % Change | -24.76* | -24.50* | -39.95* | -43.22* | -20.36* | -11.87* | -30.02* | -18.60* | -10.56 | -25.27* | |
* indicates a statistically significant change (p < 0.05) based on Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. For average differences, a Friedman’s test with blocking based on gait speed was used.