Table 1. Overview of the elastic modulus of human vertebral bone tissue reported in the literature from wet microindentation tests performed at the BSU level, or from back-calculation procedures in combination with microFE models.
| Reference | Method | Sample Size | Bone Type | Etissue [GPa] (range) | Dimensional level of μFE models | Imaging technique (voxel size) | μFE models (element size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wolfram et al. (2010) [17] | Wet microindentation a | N = 104 | Trab | 12.0±1.0 (N/A) b | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Wolfram et al. (2010) [13] c | Wet microindentation a | N = 30 | Trab | 12.3±1.0 (N/A) b | Biopsy | μCT (12μm) | Linear (36μm) |
| Hou et al. (1998) [16] | Back-calculation | N = 28 | Trab | 5.7±1.6 (2.7–9.1) | Biopsy | μCT (50μm) | Linear (50μm) |
| Ladd et al. (1998) [15] | Back-calculation | N = 5 | Trab | 6.6± 1.1 (5.4–7.7) | Biopsy | SR-μCT (23μm) | Linear (23μm) |
| Pahr et al. (2011) [9] | Back-calculation | N = 37 | Trab/Cort | 8.8±N/A (N/A) | Vertebral body | HR-pQCT (82μm) | Linear (82μm) |
a Penetration Depth equal to 2.5μm, loading rate = 120mN/min, holding time 30s
b Values of elastic tissue modulus computed from indentations performed along the axial direction
c In this study predictions of microFE models of trabecular bone set with an average tissue modulus measured from wet microindentation tests provided excellent quantitative predictions of structural stiffness measured in compression (concordance correlation coefficient of 0.97)
N/A Information not available.