Table 1. Study 1: Results of one-sample t-tests.

Comparisons of the restrictiveness indexes (R) with zero (that indicates symmetry of restrictiveness) for the competence-related traits balanced for valence.

Trait	Mean (SD)	95% CI of the Difference	t-value (df)	p-value	Cohen’s d
Intelligent/stupid	18.33 (24.35)	[11.26, 25.4]	5.22 (47)	< .001	.75
Efficient/inefficient	3.96 (23.22)	[-2.78, 10.7]	1.18(47)	.244	.17
Competent/incompetent	2.71 (23.59)	[-4.14, 9.56]	.8 (47)	.430	.11

Note. CI = confidence interval.