Table 1. Parameter values used throughout the study.

Name	Symbol	Value
Network model
Number of neurons	N	50,000
Membrane capacitance	C	200 pF
Leak conductance	gL	10 nS
Leak reversal potential	EL	−65 mV
Threshold slope factor	ΔT	1.5 mV
Threshold voltage	VT	−50 mV
Spike voltage	Vs	−40 mV
Reset voltage	Vr	−70 mV
Subthreshold adaptation conductance1	a	4 nS
Spike-triggered adaptation increment1	b	40 pA
Adaptation reversal potential	Ew	−80 mV
Adaptation time constant	τw	200 ms
Refractory period2	Tref	0 ms
Gaussian filter width for external input	σt	1 ms
Discretization time step	Δt	0.05 ms
Spike rate estimation bin width	ΔT	1 ms
Fokker-Planck model
Membrane voltage lower bound	Vlb	−200 mV
Finite-volume membrane voltage spacing	ΔV	0.028 mV
Discretization time step	Δt	0.05 ms
Low-dimensional models
Discretization time step	Δt	0.01 ms
Membrane voltage spacing3	ΔV	0.01 mV
Spacing of mean input3	Δμ	0.025 mV/ms
Spacing of input standard deviation3	Δσ	$0.1\text{mV}/\sqrt{\text{ms}}$

¹If not specified otherwise.

²A nonzero refractory period is not supported by the spec₂ model.

³Parameters for precalculation of model quantities (before simulation).

The values of coupling parameters (K, J, τ_d) are specified in the captions of Figs 1 and 5, the values of parameters for the external input, μ_ext or ($\overline{\mu }$, ${\tau }_{\text{ou}}^{\mu }$, ϑ_μ), and σ_ext or ($\overline{{\sigma }^2}$, ${\tau }_{\text{ou}}^{{\sigma }^2}$, ϑ_σ²), are provided in each figure (caption).