Table 8.

Summary of Meta-Analytic Results for Associations Between Personality Disorders and Interpersonal Functioning in Specific Relationship Domains Broken Out by Moderator Variables

PD-relationship domain	k	N	r	ρ	80% CrI	95% CI
Paranoid-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	8	2,907	.06	.08	−.15, .31	−.06, .22
Other	3	943	.10	.15	.15, .15	.06, .23
Interpersonal method
Self-report	7	1,479	.17	.24a	.21, .27	.12, .36
Other	4	1,613	−.01	−.02a	−.10, .06	−.18, .14
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	.05	.08a	.08, .08	−.05, .21
Female	5	637	.30	.42a	.42, .42	.30, .53
Type of sample
Non-clinical	6	1,460	.17	.24a	.24, .24	.11, .37
Clinical	3	1,499	−.04	−.05a	−.05, −.05	−.14, .04
Schizoid-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	8	2,907	.03	.04	−.08, .16	−.05, .13
Other	3	943	.06	.08	.08, .08	−.01, .16
Interpersonal method
Self-report	7	1,479	.11	.15a	.15, .15	.09, .21
Other	4	1,613	−.04	−.05a	−.05, −.05	−.12, .02
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	.03	.04	−.11, .20	−.06, .15
Female	5	637	.12	.16	.16, .16	.11, .21
Type of sample
Non-clinical	6	1,460	.11	.15a	.15, .15	.09, .22
Clinical	3	1,499	−.05	−.07a	−.07, −.07	−.10, .04
Schizotypal-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	9	4,483	.01	.02	−.21, .25	−.11, .15
Other	5	1,301	.10	.13	.13, .13	.06, .20
Interpersonal method
Self-report	10	3,413	.11	.15a	.15, .15	.09, .21
Other	5	1,796	−.13	−.17a	−.21, −.13	−.32, −.01
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	−.02	−.02	−.32, .28	−.20, .16
Female	8	2,571	.10	.14	.14, .14	.08, .19
Type of sample
Non-clinical	7	3,036	.12	.16a	.16, .16	.09, .22
Clinical	5	1,857	−.13	−.17a	−.17, −.17	−.30, −.04
Antisocial-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	11	3,527	.10	.13	−.06, .31	.03, .23
Other	16	4,743	.07	.09	−.01, .18	.04, .14
Interpersonal method
Self-report	14	3,617	.10	.14	−.01, .28	.06, .21
Other	17	5,421	.07	.10	−.03, .22	.04, .15
Sample age
Child/adolescent	5	1,419	.07	.10	.10, .10	−.07, .13
Adult	21	6,140	.09	.12	−.04, .28	.06, .19
Sample sex
Male	20	5,770	.09	.11	−.04, .26	.05, .17
Female	13	3,282	.09	.12	−.03, .27	.04, .20
Type of sample
Non-clinical	17	5,234	.08	.11	−.01, .22	.05, .16
Clinical	7	2,022	.10	.13	−.05, .31	.01, .25
Antisocial-Parent-Child
PD method
Self-report	4	427	.13	.17	.17, .17	.05, .28
Other	8	2,195	.08	.11	.11, .11	.06, .16
Interpersonal method
Self-report	3	1,101	.05	.07	.07, .07	−.01, .15
Other	11	2,023	.08	.10	.10, .10	.05, .15
Sample age
Child/adolescent	1	—	—	—	—	—
Adult	11	—	—	—	—	—
Sample sex
Male	9	2,179	.08	.11	.11, .11	.05, .16
Female	8	1,749	.08	.10	.10, .10	.04, .16
Type of sample
Non-clinical	9	2,356	.08	.11	.11, .11	.07, .16
Clinical	2	145	.20	.27	.27, .27	.05, .48
Antisocial-Family
PD method
Self-report	4	2,889	.29	.38a	.38, .38	.28, .49
Other	19	7,042	.12	.17a	.17, .17	.11, .22
Interpersonal method
Self-report	11	4,930	.12	.16	.10, .23	.11, .22
Other	18	7,791	.17	.23	.03, .42	.15, .30
Sample age
Child/adolescent	16	7,322	.19	.25	.10, .40	.18, .32
Adult	6	2,271	.14	.18	−.03, .40	.03, .33
Sample sex
Male	13	5,017	.13	.18	.07, .29	.11, .24
Female	12	6,180	.20	.27	.10, .44	.18, .36
Type of sample
Non-clinical	14	8,291	.17	.23	.06, .39	.15, .30
Clinical	7	1,239	.21	.29	.07, .50	.14, .43
Antisocial-Peer
PD method
Self-report	1	—	—	—	—	—
Other	10	—	—	—	—	—
Interpersonal method
Self-report	8	4,912	.10	.13a	.04, .22	−.01, .26
Other	10	6,060	.36	.46a	.14, .99	.15, .77
Sample age
Child/adolescent	8	5,631	.41	.53	.04, .99	.19, .86
Adult	4	1,926	.12	.15	.15, .15	−.02, .33
Sample sex
Male	5	2,739	.10	.13	.13, .13	.07, .19
Female	5	4,159	.43	.56	.13, .99	.05, .99
Type of sample
Non-clinical	10	6,782	.35	.45	.15, .99	.15, .75
Clinical	2	774	.20	.25	.25, .25	.23, .27
Borderline-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	24	12,225	.15	.20	−.07, .47	.11, .29
Other	12	2,166	.22	.29	.16, .41	.21, .37
Interpersonal method
Self-report	25	11,241	.21	.28	.28, .28	.24, .31
Other	12	2,524	−.05	−.07	−.45, .32	−.27, .14
Sample age
Child/adolescent	0	—	—	—	—	—
Adult	33	—	—	—	—	—
Sample sex
Male	14	8,199	.12	.15	−.14, .44	.02, .28
Female	25	12,778	.23	.30	.30, .30	.27, .34
Type of sample
Non-clinical	14	10,004	.21	.27	.27, .27	.24, .30
Clinical	19	3,286	.03	.04	−.42, .49	−.14, .21
Borderline-Parent-Child
PD method
Self-report	6	566	.18	.23	.23, .23	.13, .34
Other	8	1,080	.16	.21	.12, .30	.12, .30
Interpersonal method
Self-report	3	221	.22	.29	.18, .39	.09, .49
Other	13	1,607	.17	.22	.17, .27	.15, .29
Sample age
Child/adolescent	0	—	—	—	—	—
Adult	14	—	—	—	—	—
Sample sex
Male	4	427	.14	.19	.19, .19	.14, .24
Female	13	1,577	.17	.22	.14, .31	.15, .30
Type of sample
Non-clinical	8	1,095	.14	.18	.18, .18	.11, .25
Clinical	5	491	.21	.28	.20, .36	.14, .41
Borderline-Family
PD method
Self-report	5	2,838	.26	.34	.34, .34	.29, .40
Other	7	932	.19	.25	.05, .44	.10, .39
Interpersonal method
Self-report	8	3,228	.26	.34	.27, .41	.27, .41
Other	4	476	.22	.29	.25, .32	.16, .42
Sample age
Child/adolescent	4	1,826	.27	.36	.36, .36	.31, .41
Adult	7	1,606	.23	.31	.18, .45	.21, .42
Sample sex
Male	2	1,728	.26	.35	.35, .35	.32, .38
Female	9	1,704	.24	.32	.18, .46	.22, .42
Type of sample
Non-clinical	4	1,442	.23	.30	.21, .39	.19, .41
Clinical	6	1,924	.28	.37	.37, .37	.30, .44
Borderline-Peer
PD method
Self-report	5	2,544	.24	.31	.31, .31	.26, .36
Other	7	955	.30	.38	.21, .55	.26, .51
Interpersonal method
Self-report	6	2,609	.24	.31	.31, .31	.26, .36
Other	5	680	.35	.44	.33, .56	.31, .58
Sample age
Child/adolescent	2	1,525	.25	.32	.21, .42	.18, .45
Adult	9	1,764	.28	.35	.28, .42	.28, .42
Sample sex
Male	1	—	—	—	—	—
Female	9	—	—	—	—	—
Type of sample
Non-clinical	5	1,214	.27	.34	.24, .45	.24, .44
Clinical	6	2,075	.26	.33	.25, .42	.25, .41
Histrionic-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	9	2,972	−.09	−.13a	−.36, .11	−.29, .04
Other	3	943	.12	.18a	.18, .18	.09, .26
Interpersonal method
Self-report	7	1,479	.09	.14a	.14, .14	.06, .22
Other	5	1,678	−.20	−.29a	−.29, −.29	−.47, −.11
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	−.06	−.09	−.44, .26	−.29, .11
Female	6	702	.04	.06	.01, .12	−.07, .19
Type of sample
Non-clinical	6	1,460	.10	.14a	.14, .14	.05, .23
Clinical	4	1,564	−.22	−.33a	−.33, −.33	−.48, −.17
Narcissistic-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	9	2,972	.04	.06	.06, .06	−.02, .10
Other	5	1,181	.16	.23	−.01, .46	.03, .42
Interpersonal method
Self-report	7	1,479	.06	.08	.08, .08	−.02, .14
Other	7	1,916	.11	.15	−.07, .37	.01, .30
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	.06	.08	.08, .08	−.03, .13
Female	7	853	.09	.13	.01, .26	−.01, .25
Type of sample
Non-clinical	6	1,460	.06	.08	.08, .08	−.01, .14
Clinical	4	1,564	.06	.09	.07, .11	−.01, .16
Avoidant-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	8	2,907	−.01	−.02	−.18, .15	−.12, .09
Other	6	1,554	.05	.06	−.02, .14	−.03, .15
Interpersonal method
Self-report	9	1,974	.09	.11a	.11, .11	.06, .17
Other	6	1,983	−.09	−.12a	−.12, −.12	−.20, −.04
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	−.02	−.03	−.18, .12	−.13, .08
Female	8	1,248	.08	.10	.10, .10	−.02, .18
Type of sample
Non-clinical	6	1,460	.11	.14a	.14, .14	.10, .19
Clinical	6	2,110	−.09	−.11a	−.11, −.11	−.19, −.04
Dependent-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	9	2,972	−.11	−.14	−.48, .20	−.34, .05
Other	3	943	.07	.09	.09, .09	−.04, .22
Interpersonal method
Self-report	7	1,479	.11	.15a	.15, .15	.10, .19
Other	5	1,678	−.27	−.36a	−.36, −.36	−.56, −.16
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	−.12	−.16a	−.46, .14	−.37, .05
Female	6	702	.15	.20a	.20, .20	.17, .24
Type of sample
Non-clinical	6	1,460	.11	.15a	.15, .15	.10, .20
Clinical	4	1,564	−.30	−.40a	−.40, −.40	−.56, −.25
Obsessive-Compulsive-Romantic
PD method
Self-report	8	2,907	−.06	−.08	−.27, .11	−.20, .03
Other	5	1,432	−.03	−.04	−.22, .14	−.19, .11
Interpersonal method
Self-report	9	1,968	.01	.02a	.02, .02	−.09, .12
Other	5	1,863	−.15	−.22a	−.24, −.21	−.34, −.10
Sample sex
Male	8	2,818	−.06	−.08	−.31, .14	−.22, .05
Female	7	1,126	−.02	−.03	−.23, .17	−.18, .12
Type of sample
Non-clinical	6	1,460	.03	.04a	.04, .04	−.07, .16
Clinical	5	1,988	−.14	−.20a	−.20, −.20	−.30, −.09

Note. PD = personality disorder. k = number of studies. N = total sample size. r = mean observed correlation. ρ = mean population effect size corrected for sampling error and measurement unreliability. ρs noted in bold indicate that the credibility and confidence intervals do not include zero. Pairs of ρs marked with subscript (_a) indicate that ρs for each level of the moderator fall outside of the 80% credibility interval and 95% confidence interval for the other level of the moderator. — indicates an insufficient number of studies to conduct moderator analyses.