Table 2.
Characteristics of older parents in the final sample according to having one or more adult children living in the United States (N = 2609).
| Measure | No adult children living in the United States (n = 1936) |
Adult child living in the United States (n = 673) |
P- Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 66.6 (5.5) | 66.2 (5.3) | 0.09 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.51 | ||
| Male | 809 (41.8) | 291 (43.2) | |
| Female | 1127 (58.2) | 382 (56.8) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.01 | ||
| 0 years | 489 (25.2) | 207 (30.8) | |
| 1+ years | 1447 (74.7) | 466 (69.2) | |
| Currently married, n (%) | 0.01 | ||
| No | 673 (34.8) | 195 (29.0) | |
| Yes | 1263 (65.2) | 478 (71.0) | |
| Live in urban region, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| No | 564 (29.1) | 343 (51.0) | |
| Yes | 1372 (70.9) | 330 (49.0) | |
| Currently employed, n (%) | 0.35 | ||
| No | 1216 (62.8) | 409 (60.8) | |
| Yes | 720 (37.2) | 264 (39.2) | |
| Toilet in the household, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| No | 1316 (68.0) | 533 (79.2) | |
| Yes | 620 (32.0) | 140 (20.8) | |
| Number of kids 15 or older, mean (SD) | 5.4 (3.0) | 7.3 (2.9) | <0.01 |
| Number of kids who completed high school, mean (SD) | 1.8 (2.1) | 1.6 (2.1) | <0.01 |
| Number of kids married, mean (SD) | 4.1 (2.8) | 5.8 (2.7) | <0.01 |
| Live in a high migration state, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| No | 1511 (78.0) | 413 (61.4) | |
| Yes | 425 (22.0) | 260 (38.6) | |
| Parent has lived/worked in the United States, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| No | 1811 (93.4) | 537 (79.8) | |
| Yes | 125 (6.6) | 136 (20.2) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0.21 | ||
| No | 1675 (86.5) | 595 (88.4) | |
| Yes | 261 (13.5) | 78 (11.6) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.42 | ||
| No | 1159 (59.9) | 391 (58.1) | |
| Yes | 777 (40.1) | 282 (41.9) | |
| Heart attack, n (%) | 0.27 | ||
| No | 1883 (97.3) | 649 (96.4) | |
| Yes | 53 (2.7) | 24 (3.6) | |
| Stroke, n (%) | 0.57 | ||
| No | 1897 (98.0) | 657 (97.6) | |
| Yes | 39 (2.0) | 16 (2.4) | |
| High depressive symptoms, n (%) | 0.01 | ||
| No | 1456 (75.2) | 471 (70.0) | |
| Yes | 480 (24.8) | 202 (30.0) | |
| Head injury as a child, n (%) | 0.72 | ||
| No | 1861 (96.1) | 649 (96.4) | |
| Yes | 75 (3.9) | 24 (3.6) | |
| Number of chats/visits with friends per month, mean (SD) | 13.0 (13.1) | 15.3 (13.4) | <0.01 |
| Have friends who live in the neighborhood, n (%) | 0.02 | ||
| No | 390 (20.1) | 109 (16.2) | |
| Yes | 1546 (79.9) | 564 (83.8) | |
| Have relatives who live in the neighborhood, n (%) | 0.71 | ||
| No | 599 (30.9) | 203 (30.2) | |
| Yes | 1337 (69.1) | 470 (69.8) | |
| Have friends you can count on, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| No | 734 (37.9) | 202 (30.5) | |
| Yes | 1162 (60.1) | 461 (69.5) | |
| Volunteer in community, n (%) | 0.52 | ||
| No | 296 (15.3) | 96 (14.3) | |
| Yes | 1640 (84.7) | 577 (85.7) | |
| Cognitive status Wave III, n (%) | 0.54 | ||
| Not impaired | 1620 (83.7) | 570 (84.7) | |
| Impaired | 316 (16.3) | 103 (15.3) |
Note: Differences in continuous and dichotomous variables determined using t-test and Chi-square test. Poisson regression used for variables related to a number of children and times per month visiting with neighbors.
Not married included participants who reported being divorced, separated, or widowed.
Percentages are based on column totals.