Table 2.
Intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients from a 24-hour dietary recall among adults with self-reported type 2 diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988–2012
| NHANES III, 1988–1994 (N=1,193) | NHANES 1999–2002 (N=849) | NHANES 2003–2006 (N=910) | NHANES 2007–2010 (N=1,341) | NHANES 2011–2012 (N=592) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE)a | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | |
| Total Calories (kcals) | 1,689 (26.5) | 1,753 (35.1) | 1,888 (37.6) | 1,827 (31.0) | 1,895 (44.1)** |
| Macronutrients (%, SE): | |||||
| Carbohydrates | 48.5 (0.6) | 49.2 (0.8) | 47.1 (0.5) | 47.5 (0.4) | 47.4 (0.7) |
| Protein | 17.8 (0.3) | 17.5 (0.3) | 16.9 (0.3) | 17.2 (0.2) | 17.2 (0.4) |
| Total Fat | 34.1 (0.5) | 34.2 (0.7) | 36.1 (0.4) | 34.9 (0.4) | 35.2 (0.4) |
| Saturated Fat | 11.1 (0.2) | 10.4 (0.3) | 11.8 (0.2) | 11.4 (0.2) | 11.2 (0.2) |
| Polyunsaturated Fat | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.6 (0.2) | 7.9 (0.3) | 7.5 (0.1) | 8.5 (0.2)** |
| Monounsaturated Fat | 13.0 (0.2) | 12.6 (0.3) | 13.3 (0.2) | 12.8 (0.2) | 12.3 (0.3) |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcals) | 10.3 (0.3) | 9.6 (0.3) | 8.7 (0.2) | 9.0 (0.2) | 9.4 (0.4)* |
| Sodium (mg) | 3,037 (59.3) | 3,133 (88.5) | 3,226 (67.1) | 3,323 (60.8) | 3,376 (86.4)* |
| Alcohol (g) | 4.1 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.6) | 5.1 (0.9) | 5.9 (0.9) | 3.8 (0.8) |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 258 (10.7) | 279 (13.4) | 291 (13.1) | 282 (8.0) | 298 (12.1) |
| Vitamin D (mcg) | 4.4 (0.2) | 5.2 (0.6) | |||
| Calcium (mg) | 735 (20.2) | 697 (20.5) | 829 (23.5) | 869 (19.3) | 905 (33.1)** |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 102 (4.6) | 86 (4.1) | 82 (5.2) | 76 (3.3) | 80 (5.1)** |
| Magnesium (mg) | 281 (6.4) | 263 (7.3) | 275 (6.9) | 273 (4.6) | 285 (9.8) |
| Potassium (mg) | 2,743 (50.8) | 2,586 (59.8) | 2,650 (66.8) | 2,539 (46.0) | 2,643 (93.4) |
Estimates are age and sex standardized to the 2007–2010 NHANES diabetic population
*
p<0.01 for test of trends
**
p<0.001 for test of trends