Table 2.
Frequency of postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) in women with the indicated disease or condition.
| Reference | Disease/condition | Population studied | Frequency of PPT | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stagnaro-Green et al. (61) | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | 63 pregnant women with SLE | 14% | |
| Elefsiniotis et al. (62) | Chronic viral hepatitis (HCV and HBV) | 21 women with chronic HCV infection and 74 women with chronic HBV, of whom 16 and 64 finally included in the study | Four of 16 chronic HCV-infected women (25%) and none of 64 chronic HBV infected women developed PPT | All chronic HBV-infected women had never been treated before whereas 3 of 16 chronic HCV-infected women had been treated in the past with pegylated-interferon alpha plus ribavirin |
| Bech et al. (63) | Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) | 85 pregnant women with DM1 | 10.5% | |
| Gallas et al. (64) | DM1 | 126 pregnant women with DM1 | 15.9% | Patients with postpartum thyroid disease (PPTD) were slightly older than those without PPTD and the prevalence of TPO-Ab was higher in these women |
| Alvarez-Marfany et al. (65) | DM1 | 41 pregnant women with DM1 | 25% | 25% was threefold greater in a non-diabetic population studied by the same group of authors. Forty-three percent of the women (3/7) who developed PPTD required treatment in the immediate postpartum period and at long-term follow-up (permanent hypothyroidism) |
| Gerstein (30) | DM1 | 51 pregnant women with DM1, 40 of whom completed follow-up | 22% | Postpartum thyroid dysfunction occurred in 10 of 40 patients (25%; 95% confidence interval, 12.7–41.2%); PPT developed in 9 patients (22.5%) and postpartum Graves’ disease developed in 1 patient (2.5%) |
| Triggiani et al. (66) | DM1 | 15 DM1 pregnant women vs 10 age-matched healthy controls | 13.3% in DM1 women vs 20% in healthy controls | |
| Jalkanen et al. (67) | Multiple sclerosis (MS) | 46 MS pregnant women vs 35 age-matched healthy controls | 3.4% in MS women vs 2.9% in healthy controls | PPT rate in MS and controls was similar (3.4 and 2.9%) despite the fact that the rate of elevated serum levels for thyroid autoantibodies (TAb) at 6 months postpartum was sixfold greater in MS (35.3 vs 5.7%) |
| Komatsu et al. (69) | Irradiation of the neck | Case of a 30-year-old Japanese woman | Irradiation therapy to the neck for malignant lymphoma 9 years earlier | |
| Paragliola et al. (70) Taniyama, et al. (71) |
Thyroid hormone resistance (RTH) syndrome | Case of a 30-year-old Italian woman Case of a 44-year-old Japanese woman |
RTH was due to a mutation of thyroid hormone receptor β, but occurring at different codons in these two women | |
| Galanti et al. (73) | Smoking cigarettes | 874,507 parous women smoking during pregnancy | Thyroiditis within 6 months from childbirth was positively associated with smoking (adjusted HR = 1.88) | Smoking may increase the risk of thyroiditis occurring in the postpartum |
| Balázs and Farid (74) | Smoking cigarettes | 22 pregnant women with previous PPT vs 21 pregnant women without thyroid disease | 12/22 women with previous PPT had recurrent disease. Half of these women had high thyroglobulin Ab or thyroperoxidase autoantibodies in the first trimester compared to none among those without recurrent PPT and 2/21 controls | Women with recurrent PPT were more likely to be smokers |
| Stagnaro-Green et al. (75) | Smoking cigarettes | 4,394 women screened for thyroid function and TAb at 6 and 12 months postpartum | 3.9% | No increased risk for PPT by smoking was found |