Table 1.
Summary of oncolytic vaccine studies using a variety of viral vectors targeting respective tumor antigens.
| Antigen | Implementation strategy | Route of delivery | Physiological effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vesicular stomatitis virus | ||||
| E7 | Monotherapy | Intramuscular | Antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses | (30) |
| Tumor volume reduction | ||||
| DCT | Monotherapy | Intranasal | Antigen-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses | (31) |
| DCT | Heterologous prime-boost | Intranasal | Increased antigen-specific T cells | (31) |
| Enhanced prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy | ||||
| Ova | Monotherapy | Intratumoral | Increased T cell activation | (32) |
| Increased antigen-specific T cells | ||||
| Ova | Combination therapy | Intravenous | Local and systemic disease control | (33) |
| gp100 | Combination therapy with adoptive transfer | Intratumoral | Increased antigen-specific T cells | (34, 35) |
| Elimination of established tumors | ||||
| Various | Viral expression of cDNA libraries | Intravenous | Tumor rejection via CD4 TH-17 responses | (36–40) |
| Anatomy-specific immune signatures of tumors | ||||
| gp33 | Novel delivery approach | Multiple | Oncolytic vaccine delivery using B cells | (62) |
| Vaccinia virus | ||||
| CEA | Monotherapy | Subcutaneous | Antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses | (45) |
| Peptide-specific cytotoxicity | ||||
| No autoimmune responses | ||||
| CEA | Engineered with costimulatory elements | Intravenous | Activation of CD4 and CD8 T cells | (48) |
| Increased survival | ||||
| 5T4 | Monotherapy | Intravenous/intramuscular | Retarded tumor growth | (46) |
| No autoimmune responses | ||||
| Ova | Heterologous prime-boost | Intraperitoneal | Increased antitumor activity | (60) |
| Antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses | ||||
| E7 | Heterologous prime-boost | Intraperitoneal | Antigen-specific T cell responses | (61) |
| HY | Combination therapy | Intratumoral | Systemic antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses | (54) |
| EphA2 | Engineered with T cell engager element | Intraperitoneal | Direct killing of cancer cells | (47) |
| Bystander killing of cancer cells | ||||
| gp33 | Novel delivery approach | Multiple | Oncolytic vaccine delivery using B cells | (62) |
| Adenovirus | ||||
| DCT | Heterologous prime-boost | Intravenous | Antigen-specific T cell responses | (59) |
| Increased survival | ||||
| DCT | Heterologous prime-boost | Intramuscular | Increased antigen-specific T cells | (31) |
| Enhanced prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy | ||||
| Trap1a | Heterologous prime-boost | Intradermal | Effective tumor protection | (56) |
| Increased CD8 T cell responses | ||||
| gp33 | Novel delivery approach | Multiple | Oncolytic vaccine delivery using B cells | (62) |
| Newcastle disease virus | ||||
| β-gal | Combination therapy with NDV-IL-2 | Intratumoral | Increased tumor regression | (57) |
| Increased antigen-specific TILs frequency | ||||
| Herpes simplex virus | ||||
| PAP | Monotherapy | Intravenous | Reduced tumor growth | (58) |
| Increased survival | ||||
| Sindbis virus | ||||
| β-gal | Monotherapy | Intraperitoneal | Memory T cell responses | (55) |
| Antigen-specific and non-specific immunity | ||||
| E7 | Heterologous prime-boost | Intramuscular | Antigen-specific T cell responses | (61) |
| Semliki Forest virus | ||||
| Trap1a | Homologous injections | Intradermal | Increased tumor-specific central memory | (56) |
| Trap1a | Heterologous prime-boost | Intradermal | Effective tumor protection | (56) |
| Increased CD8 T cell responses | ||||
| Ova | Heterologous prime-boost | Intraperitoneal | Increased antitumor activity | (60) |
| Antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses | ||||
| Maraba virus | ||||
| DCT | Heterologous prime-boost | Intravenous | Antigen-specific T cell responses | (59) |
| Enhanced survival of mice | ||||
| Pox virus | ||||
| Trap1a | Heterologous prime-boost | Intradermal | Effective tumor protection | (56) |
| Increased CD8 T cell responses | ||||
DCT, dopachrome tautomerase; Ova, ovalbumin; gp100, glycoprotein 100; gp-33, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-derived peptide; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; 5T4, glycoprotein oncofetal tumor antigen; EphA2, Ephrin type-A receptor 2; Trap1a, tumor rejection antigen P1A; β-gal, β-galactosidase; PAP, prostatic acid phosphatase.