Table 3.

Identified ethical issues of MT in Africa and corresponding ethical theories and principles. (Source: Authors).

		Identified MT in Africa ethical issue
Type of ethical theory		MT and population health.	Morality of MT	Resource allocation, including medical outcomes and treatment follow-ups.	Assisted reproductive technologies(ART) including female reproductive resources (FRR) and surrogacy	Organ transplant	Unqualified (experimental) medical procedures including some stem cell therapies	Freedom for patients to choose
Consequence-based (act and rule utilitarian)		√√	x	√√	√√	√√	x	√√
Duty-based (deontology)		√√	x	√√	x	√√	x	x
Pri-	Beneficence	x	x	x	√√	√√	√√	x
ncip-	Non-maleficence	x	x	x	√√	√√	√√	√√
lism	Autonomy (respect for persons)	x	x	√√	√√	√√	√√	√√
	Justice	√√	x	√√	√√	√√	√√	x
Character-based (virtue)		x	x	√√	x	x	√√	x
Contract-based (rights)		√√	x	√√	x	x	x	√√