Table 3.
Medical students’ preferred methods for learning about professional attitudes, values, and ethics (Mean±SD).
| Gender |
Overall (N = 108) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| (Cronbach’s α 0.907) | Female (N = 84) Mean±SD (range) |
Male(N = 24) Mean±SD (range) |
Male and female Mean±SD (range) |
| 1. Case conferences (presentations) | 6.98 ± 1.75* | 6.08 ± 1.98 | 6.78 ± 1.83 |
| 2. Grand round presentations | 7.19 ± 1.49* | 6.08 ± 1.67 | 6.94 ± 1.59 |
| 3. Lectures | 6.52 ± 1.78 | 6.00 ± 2.06 | 6.41 ± 1.85 |
| 4. Clinical rounds | 7.54 ± 1.35* | 6.37 ± 1.789 | 7.28 ± 1.53 |
| 5. Discussion groups of peers led by a knowledgeable clinician | 7.88 ± 1.17 | 7.54 ± 1.32 | 7.81 ± 1.20 |
| 6. Discussion groups of peers without leadership by a clinician | 5.49 ± 2.07 | 5.83 ± 1.71 | 5.56 ± 2.00 |
| 7. Watching videotapes on ethics topics followed by discussion led by a knowledgeable clinician | 6.43 ± 1.85 | 6.33 ± 2.30 | 6.41 ± 1.95 |
| 8. Incorporation of ethical issues into lectures and teaching rounds | 7.62 ± 1.24* | 6.79 ± 1.62 | 7.44 ± 1.37 |
| 9. Role modeling of ethical reasoning and behavior by faculty | 7.48 ± 1.34 | 7.37 ± 2.06 | 7.45 ± 1.52 |
| 10. Interactions with standardized (e.g., simulated) patients | 6.96 ± 1.48 | 6.62 ± 1.69 | 6.89 ± 1.52 |
| 11. Interactions with patients in routine training situations | 7.76 ± 1.16 | 7.17 ± 1.69 | 7.63 ± 1.28 |
| 12. Independent reading | 5.76 ± 2.13 | 5.87 ± 1.78 | 5.79 ± 2.05 |
| 13. Web-based educational approaches | 5.79 ± 2.100 | 6.17 ± 1.373 | 5.87 ± 1.96 |
| 14. Directed (assigned) reading with tutorial discussions | 6.27 ± 1.835 | 5.71 ± 2.293 | 6.14 ± 1.95 |
| 15. Directed ethics research with a mentor | 6.32 ± 1.977 | 5.67 ± 2.200 | 6.18 ± 2.04 |
| 16. Discussion of clinical ethics with ethics consultants | 7.19 ± 1.596 | 6.83 ± 2.078 | 7.11 ± 1.71 |
| 17. Discussion of the legal aspects of patient care with attorneys (lawyers, legal experts) | 7.16 ± 1.604 | 6.42 ± 1.692 | 6.99 ± 1.65 |
| 18. Discussion of the spiritual (religious) aspects of patient care with religious leaders | 7.31 ± 1.448* | 6.04 ± 1.922 | 7.03 ± 1.64 |
| 19. Discussion of the cultural aspects of patient care with cultural experts | 7.15 ± 1.477* | 6.29 ± 1.829 | 6.96 ± 1.59 |
| Group means | 6.88 ± .99 | 6.38 ± 1.19 | 6.77 ± 1.06 |
1. Rated on a scale from 1 = ‘much less’ to 5 = ‘same’ to 9 = ‘much more’ attention needed compared to now.
*Statistically significant difference between male and female, P < 0.05