Table 1. Characteristics of study participants according to the gender-specific homoeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) quartiles in Korean males (n = 1,208) and females (n = 1,542).
| HOMA-IR | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Males | ≤1.60 | 1.60–2.05 | 2.05–2.73 | >2.73 | |
| n = 302 | n = 302 | n = 302 | n = 302 | ||
| Age (yr) | 30.20 ± 0.19 | 30.41 ± 0.19 | 30.03 ± 0.19 | 30.41 ± 0.18 | 0.741 |
| Height (cm) | 174.03 ± 0.33 | 173.59 ± 0.30 | 174.04 ± 0.32 | 174.34 ± 0.35 | 0.346 |
| Weight (kg) | 66.92 ± 0.57 | 70.99 ± 0.52 | 74.70 ± 0.57 | 80.34 ± 0.73 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 77.75 ± 0.46 | 81.28 ± 0.43 | 84.33 ± 0.46 | 89.26 ± 0.55 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.07 ± 0.17 | 23.54 ± 0.16 | 24.65 ± 0.17 | 26.40 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 110.30 ± 0.64 | 112.86 ± 0.59 | 113.59 ± 0.65 | 115.21 ± 0.75 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.94 ± 0.54 | 75.60 ± 0.55 | 75.99 ± 0.58 | 77.67 ± 0.61 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.01 ± 0.37 | 88.89 ± 0.36 | 91.75 ± 0.45 | 95.32 ± 0.50 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 6.20 ± 0.06 | 8.33 ± 0.04 | 10.42 ± 0.07 | 16.88 ± 0.43 | <0.001 |
| T-C (mg/dL) | 176.48 ± 1.93 | 181.33 ± 1.88 | 183.70 ± 1.87 | 192.49 ± 2.05 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 113.80 ± 6.50 | 127.28 ± 4.39 | 142.60 ± 5.83 | 198.96 ± 8.20 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 53.72 ± 0.68 | 51.21 ± 0.66 | 48.65 ± 0.58 | 45.57 ± 0.57 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 100.01 ± 1.94 | 104.67 ± 1.72 | 106.53 ± 1.77 | 107.13 ± 1.93 | 0.005 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 18.62 ± 0.39 | 17.94 ± 0.35 | 17.99 ± 0.34 | 17.96 ± 0.37 | 0.237 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | |||||
| Total hip | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 1.01 ± 0.01 | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 0.003 |
| Femoral neck | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.70 ± 0.01 | 0.150 |
| Femoral trochanter | 1.19 ± 0.01 | 1.20 ± 0.01 | 1.21 ± 0.01 | 1.22 ± 0.01 | 0.001 |
| Femoral intertrochanter | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.265 |
| Lumbar spine | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.11 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.151 |
| Whole body fat percentage | 18.33 ± 0.33 | 21.40 ± 0.34 | 23.22 ± 0.31 | 25.02 ± 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 224 (74.2%) | 223 (73.8%) | 222 (73.5%) | 227 (75.2%) | 0.971 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | 252 (83.4%) | 232 (76.8%) | 253 (83.8%) | 246 (81.5%) | 0.105 |
| Physical activity (%) | 183 (60.6%) | 172 (56.9%) | 188 (62.3%) | 160 (53.0%) | 0.097 |
| Education ≤ high school (%) | 130 (43.1%) | 132 (43.7%) | 116 (38.4%) | 115 (38.1%) | 0.344 |
| House income ≤1st quartiles (%) | 28 (9.3%) | 22 (7.3%) | 24 (7.9%) | 20 (6.6%) | 0.656 |
| Females | ≤1.50 | 1.50–1.90 | 1.90–2.42 | >2.42 | |
| n = 385 | n = 386 | n = 386 | n = 385 | ||
| Age (yr) | 30.70 ± 0.16 | 30.70 ± 0.16 | 30.66 ± 0.16 | 30.67 ± 0.16 | 0.872 |
| Height (cm) | 160.62 ± 0.29 | 160.46 ± 0.28 | 160.75 ± 0.29 | 160.78 ± 0.27 | 0.533 |
| Weight (kg) | 52.87 ± 0.32 | 54.23 ± 0.39 | 55.86 ± 0.41 | 62.73 ± 0.59 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 70.34 ± 0.35 | 71.83 ± 0.38 | 73.36 ± 0.42 | 79.40 ± 0.55 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.50 ± 0.12 | 21.05 ± 0.13 | 21.63 ± 0.15 | 24.24 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 101.03 ± 0.48 | 101.71 ± 0.52 | 103.01 ± 0.47 | 106.96 ± 0.58 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 66.35 ± 0.42 | 66.65 ± 0.46 | 67.63 ± 0.42 | 70.51 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 83.72 ± 0.29 | 87.11 ± 0.30 | 89.42 ± 0.31 | 93.74 ± 0.43 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 6.10 ± 0.05 | 7.92 ± 0.04 | 9.71 ± 0.04 | 14.36 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
| T-C (mg/dL) | 169.14 ± 1.37 | 166.02 ± 1.49 | 171.81 ± 1.31 | 179.39 ± 1.60 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 65.92 ± 1.95 | 74.38 ± 1.95 | 91.97 ± 3.90 | 108.65 ± 3.35 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.82 ± 0.61 | 58.52 ± 0.60 | 57.61 ± 0.63 | 54.19 ± 0.64 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 95.14 ± 1.22 | 92.62 ± 1.28 | 95.81 ± 1.24 | 103.47 ± 1.47 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 16.81 ± 0.29 | 16.84 ± 0.32 | 16.29 ± 0.28 | 16.37 ± 0.29 | 0.157 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | |||||
| Total hip | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Femoral neck | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 0.64 ± 0.00 | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 0.65 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Femoral trochanter | 1.04 ± 0.00 | 1.06 ± 0.00 | 1.06 ± 0.00 | 1.09 ± 0.00 | <0.001 |
| Femoral intertrochanter | 0.75 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Lumbar spine | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 1.01 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Whole body fat percentage | 29.37 ± 0.27 | 30.75 ± 0.27 | 31.48 ± 0.27 | 34.21 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 55 (14.3%) | 54 (14.0%) | 56 (14.5%) | 63 (16.4%) | 0.788 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | 191 (49.6%) | 190 (49.2%) | 193 (50.0%) | 205 (53.3%) | 0.665 |
| Physical activity (%) | 195 (50.7%) | 174 (45.1%) | 175 (45.3%) | 194 (50.4%) | 0.224 |
| Education ≤high school (%) | 145 (37.7%) | 137 (35.5%) | 158 (40.9%) | 196 (50.9%) | <0.001 |
| House income ≤1st quartiles (%) | 20 (5.2%) | 17 (4.4%) | 25 (6.5%) | 23 (6.0%) | 0.608 |
| Labor ≥1/lifetime (%) | 49 (12.7%) | 90 (23.3%) | 91 (23.6%) | 90 (23.4%) | <0.001 |
| Age at menarche <12 yr (%) | 30 (7.8%) | 34 (8.8%) | 32 (8.3%) | 40 (10.4%) | 0.611 |
| Use of OCs (%) | 8 (2.1%) | 5 (1.3%) | 10 (2.6%) | 6 (1.6%) | 0.558 |
Data are presented as the means ± SE (standard error).
HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; T-C, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMD, bone mineral density; OCs, oral contraceptives.