Table 1.
Participant demographic and disease characteristics, unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals for the association between risk factors and neurocognitive impairment.
| N or MEDIAN (IQR) | UNADJUSTED | ADJUSTED† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | ||
| Years since ART initiation | Every 1 year increase | 3.5 (2.5, 5.4) | 0.95 (0.93,0.96) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.92,0.96) | <0.001 |
| Sex (ref: Male) | F | 673 (20%) | 1.44 (1.25,1.68) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.15,1.59) | <0.001 |
| Age at ART initiation | Every 10-year increase | 38* (31, 45) | 1.17 (1.10,1.25) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.11,1.26) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity/Race (ref: White) | White Non-Hispanic | 1,404 (42%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 1,172 (35%) | 0.91 (0.79,1.05) | 0.18 | 0.76 (0.65,0.89) | <0.001 | |
| Hispanic | 737 (22%) | 2.93 (2.51,3.42) | <0.001 | 2.61 (2.22,3.07) | <0.001 | |
| Years of education (ref: >12(post high school)) | ≤12 years | 1,258 (38%) | 1.71 (1.51,1.94) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.2,1.57) | <0.001 |
| Initial ART drug class (ref: NRTI only) | NRTI+NNRTI | 536 (16%) | 0.96 (0.80,1.16) | 0.68 | n/a | n/a |
| PI+NNRTI | 1,558 (47%) | 1.08 (0.77,1.52) | 0.66 | n/a | n/a | |
| PI+NRTI | 122 (4%) | 1.04 (0.87,1.24) | 0.68 | n/a | n/a | |
| PI+NRTI+NNRTI | 974 (29%) | 0.84 (0.59,1.18) | 0.31 | n/a | n/a | |
| Smoking history on/before 1st neurocognitive evaluation (ref: No) | Yes | 1,843 (56%) | 1.08 (0.95,1.22) | 0.23 | n/a | n/a |
| Injection drug use (ref: Not reported) | reported (currently or previously) | 235 (7%) | 1.35 (1.07,1.7) | 0.01 | 1.12 (0.85,1.46) | 0.42 |
| Hepatitis B status (ref: Negative) | Positive | 83 (3%) | 1.21 (0.83,1.77) | 0.32 | n/a | n/a |
| Hepatitis C status (ref: Negative) | Positive | 258 (8%) | 1.64 (1.31,2.06) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.08,1.82) | 0.01 |
| Nadir CD4 (ref: >350 cells/µL, n=689 (21%)) | 0–50 | 656 (20%) | 1.24 (1.02,1.50) | 0.03 | 1.09 (0.87,1.35) | 0.46 |
| 51–200 | 855 (26%) | 0.97 (0.81,1.16) | 0.75 | 0.89 (0.73,1.08) | 0.23 | |
| 201–350 | 1,113 (34%) | 1.06 (0.89,1.25) | 0.54 | 1.00 (0.84,1.20) | >0.9 | |
| Baseline HIV RNA (ref: ≤100,000 copies/ml) | >100,000 | 1,119 (34%) | 1.02 (0.90,1.16) | 0.78 | n/a | n/a |
| Parent study (ref: A5257, n=1201(36%)) | 384 | 273 (8%) | 0.65 (0.52,0.81) | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.85,1.51) | 0.41 |
| 388 | 94 (3%) | 0.77 (0.46,1.28) | 0.31 | 1.15 (0.66,2.00) | 0.62 | |
| A5014 | 18 (1%) | 0.79 (0.32,1.91) | 0.6 | 1.01 (0.43,2.37) | >0.90 | |
| A5095 | 406 (12%) | 0.59 (0.48,0.72) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.65,1.04) | 0.1 | |
| A5142 | 323 (10%) | 0.75 (0.60,0.92) | 0.007 | 0.93 (0.73,1.18) | 0.54 | |
| A5202 | 998 (30%) | 0.80 (0.69,0.93) | 0.004 | 0.82 (0.70,0.96) | 0.01 | |
| Stroke history on/before 1st neurocognitive evaluation (ref: No) | Yes | 24 (1%) | 1.65 (0.82,3.33) | 0.16 | n/a | n/a |
| Lab toxicity with grade ≥3 before year 1 (ref: No) | Yes | 664 (20%) | 0.93 (0.79,1.09) | 0.35 | n/a | n/a |
| Adherence during year 1 (ref: 100% adherence) | <100% | 979 (30%) | 1.01 (0.89,1.15) | 0.84 | n/a | n/a |
| Time-varying CD4^ (ref: >500 cells/µL) | 0–350 | 699 (21%) | 1.31 (1.16,1.49) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.05,1.40) | 0.008 |
| 351–500 | 816 (25%) | 1.15 (1.05,1.26) | 0.002 | 1.12 (1.01,1.24) | 0.03 | |
| Time-varying HIV RNA^ (ref: ≤200 copies/ml) | >200 | 304 (9%) | 1.09 (0.95,1.25) | 0.22 | n/a | n/a |
Abbreviations: IQR: interquartile range; CI: confidence interval; PI: protease inhibitors; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. n/a: not applicable.
†
Only covariates with unadjusted p-value ≤ 0.1, are included.
^
For time-varying CD4 and HIV RNA, the frequencies represent these covariates at the 1st neurocognitive evaluation
*
12% of participants were over 50, 2% of the participants were over 60 years of age.