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. 2017 Jul 13;12(7):e0181332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181332

Table 1. Characteristics of study population as weighted counts and stillbirth, with rates with 95% confidence interval in Nepal: 2001, 2006 and 2011 (N = 18249).

Study variables N Stillbirth (n) Rate (95% CI)
Type of residence
Urban 1656 27 17(10.3 to 22.8)
Rural 16593 308 19(16.8 to 21.0)
Ecological zone
Terai 9358 154 17(14.1 to 19.4)
Hill 7405 141 19(16.2 to 22.6)
Mountain 1487 41 28(19.7 to 37.1)
Geographical region
Eastern 4154 75 18(14.2 to 22.5)
Central 5936 98 17(13.5 to 20.1)
Western 3363 62 19(14.1 to 23.5)
Mid-western 2596 53 21(15.2 to 26.5)
Far-western 2201 47 22(15.6 to 28.1)
Wealth index
Rich 3615 48 13(9.5 to 17.0)
Middle 7595 163 21(18.2 to 24.8)
Poor 7040 124 18(14.5 to 20.7)
Religion
Hindu 15288 16 12(6.0 to 17.4)
Buddhist 1385 288 19(17.0 to 21.4)
Others 1576 32 21(13.5 to 27.9)
Mother education
Secondary or higher 3833 46 12(8.6 to 15.7)
Primary 3122 63 21(15.5 to 25.7)
No education 11295 227 21(17.8 to 23.2)
Mother's literacy level (N = 18228)
Can read 8096 126 16(13.0 to 18.6)
Cannot read 10133 210 21(18.3 to 24.0)
Father's education
Secondary or higher 3386 40 12(8.2 to 15.7)
Primary 6463 113 18(14.5 to 21.1)
No schooling 8400 182 22(18.9 to 25.4)
Mother current working status
Not working 5470 72 13(10.3 to16.4)
Currently Working 12779 263 21(18.5 to 23.6)
Mother occupation (N = 18247)
Not working 3834 46 12(8.6 to 15.7)
Agriculture 12849 271 22(19.0 to 24.1)
Non- agriculture 1565 18 12(6.3 to 17.0)
Mother’s age at first birth in years (N = 18191)
<18 8043 106 13(10.7 to 19.0)
19–24 9036 148 16(13.7 to19.0)
25+ 1112 23 21(12.2 to29.1)
Mother current age
20–29 11643 201 18(15.1 to 20.0)
<20 1198 22 19(10.9 to 26.5)
30–39 4527 94 21(16.9 to 25.5)
40–49 882 17 20(10.3 to 29.0)
Maternal marital status
Currently married 18069 332 19(16.7 to 20.7)
Not currently married 180 4 23(0.5 to 45.0)
Previous death of baby
No 13457 254 19(16.9 to 21.6)
Yes 4793 82 17(13.6 to 21.2)
Types of drinking water source (N = 17092)
Piped water on premises 1843 26 14(8.7 to 19.5)
Other improved drinking water sources 12012 205 17(14.7 t019.4)
Unimproved drinking water sources 1203 26 22(13.3 to29.9)
Surface drinking water sources 2035 53 26(19.0 to33.1)
Types of sanitation facility (N = 17093)
Improved sanitation facilities 4337 50 12(8.3 to14.7)
Unimproved sanitation facilities 1859 36 19(13.0 to 25.7)
Open defecation 10898 224 21(17.9 to23.2)