Figure.

3D-printed model of the lumbar spine (bottom left panel) of a patient with L1 left lamina osteoblastoma, designed to replicate the patient's anatomy as seen in the patient's diagnostic CT and MR imaging (top row). The outer black shell of the model is printed in a soft material to mimic soft tissue properties. CT of the 3D-printed model demonstrates cortical and cancellous bone with differential CT Hounsfield units, whereas MR imaging of the model demonstrates cancellous bone with intermediate and cortical bone with dark signal. Neural foramen and nerve root, key structures monitored during MR imaging-guided cryoablation as this patient underwent, are clearly visualized in the MR imaging of the printed model.