Mean knee resistances for seven subjects during heating (in red) and cooling (in blue) along with the standard deviations (shown in error bars). Note that each subject’s baseline knee resistance (at time=0 minutes) was subtracted from the rest of their measurements to emphasize the change in knee resistance with heating/cooling. The data points shown are at 0,5,10 and 15 minutes into heating/cooling. The skin temperature at the patella, at these time instances during heating were: 25.7±3.0 °C, 34.7±2.8 °C, 36.1±1.8 °C and 36.1±1.4 °C. The temperatures for cooling were: 25.6±1.3 °C, 19.5±2.7 °C, 18.3±3.1 °C and 18.0±3.3 °C.