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. 2017 Jul 13;7:5303. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05525-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytotoxicity analysis of various doxorubicin formulations on ovarian cancer and normal cells. Viability of ovarian cancer OVCAR-3 (a), and normal 3T3 (b) cells. The HisHBcAg nanoparticles conjugated covalently with folic acid (FA) and non-covalently with NTA-DOX (FA-HisHBcAg-NTA-DOX) were more efficient in inhibiting the growth of OVCAR-3 cells compared to that of other formulations. On the other hand, this formulation (FA-HisHBcAg-NTA-DOX) was less toxic to normal 3T3 cells, resulted in a conferred protection of the normal cells from DOX. The HisHBcAg nanoparticles (HisHBcAg) were not toxic to both normal and cancer cells as shown in the small graphs on the right. Data represent mean ± SD of triplicate determinations.