Table 5.

Prevalence of all 16 combinations of lifestyle risk behaviors and adjusted hazard ratios for their associations with risks of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, the Shanghai Men’s Health Study (2002–2013, n = 59,747).

Risk factors	All-Cause HR (95% CI)	CVD HR (95% CI)	Cancer HR (95% CI)	Cohort N	Percentage (%)
None	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	3,626	6.07
Smoking	1.45 (1.24, 1.68)	1.59 (1.23, 2.06)	1.63 (1.29, 2.06)	2,488	4.16
Alcohol	1.34 (0.88, 2.02)	1.83 (0.99, 3.39)	1.31 (0.67, 2.57)	143	0.24
Diet	1.2 (1.02, 1.42)	1.47 (1.13, 1.93)	1.04 (0.78, 1.38)	1,419	2.38
PA	1.19 (1.05, 1.35)	1.27 (1.03, 1.58)	1.06 (0.87, 1.30)	10,027	16.78
Smoking + alcohol	1.94 (1.49, 2.54)	1.77 (1.09, 2.86)	2.55 (1.75, 3.73)	380	0.64
Smoking + diet	1.75 (1.49, 2.06)	1.69 (1.27, 2.26)	1.83 (1.42, 2.35)	1,513	2.53
Smoking + PA	1.70 (1.51, 1.93)	1.79 (1.44, 2.21)	1.90 (1.57, 2.30)	16,549	27.70
Alcohol + diet	1.45 (0.93, 2.28)	1.29 (0.57, 2.93)	1.56 (0.77, 3.19)	101	0.17
Alcohol + PA	1.05 (0.71, 1.55)	1.49 (0.84, 2.63)	0.92 (0.47, 1.81)	320	0.54
Diet + PA	1.68 (1.48, 1.92)	1.89 (1.51, 2.37)	1.55 (1.24, 1.92)	4,262	7.13
Smoking + alcohol + diet	2.24 (1.76, 2.84)	2.16 (1.41, 3.32)	2.70 (1.91, 3.83)	454	0.76
Smoking + alcohol + PA	2.12 (1.77, 2.54)	2.08 (1.50, 2.87)	2.33 (1.78, 3.06)	2,316	3.88
Smoking + diet + PA	1.97 (1.74, 2.23)	2.24 (1.81, 2.77)	1.95 (1.60, 2.37)	11,909	19.93
Alcohol + diet + PA	1.46 (1.04, 2.05)	1.38 (0.75, 2.56)	1.35 (0.76, 2.38)	333	0.56
Smoking + alcohol + diet + PA	2.93 (2.54, 3.39)	3.16 (2.45, 4.07)	3.22 (2.58, 4.02)	3,907	6.54

HR: Hazard ratioe. Adjusted for age group, education, income per person, occupation, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

CI: Confidence interval; N: number; PA: physical activity.

0: Not at risk; 1: At risk.