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. 2017 Jul 13;7:5330. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04676-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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XD flow reconstruction of a 3-day-old female highlighting enhanced motion robustness. (a) Conventional 4D flow reconstruction for the 10:34 min acquisition. (b–e) The same dataset reconstructed into 4 shorter temporal windows — each window was 2:39 min. (f) Peak speed in aorta. (g) Net flow in aorta. (h) Average flow for each temporal window compared to conventional 4D flow (dotted blue). Different reformats of a single cardiac phase are shown: axial slice, coronal 50-cm MIP, sagittal slice, and velocity/magnitude of aorta with segmentation. The non-sedated patient with ferumoxytol enhancement was observed to be moving as noted by different positions of the right arm (yellow arrow). Also, the region-of-interests (ROIs) segmented for each temporal phase of XD flow are combined to emphasize the movement of the aorta (far right of (a)). With motion corruption, the flow in the aorta is noisy with unrealizable flow vectors in the conventional 4D flow, but the flow is recovered in the XD flow reconstruction (dashed white). Similarly, the myocardial border (white triangle) and diaphragm (white arrow) are better depicted in the XD flow reconstruction. The blood flow measured from XD flow varies over time; this effect is ignored in conventional 4D flow.