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. 2017 Jul 13;7:5330. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04676-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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XD flow of a 11-month-old female with reconstruction R1 to minimize the impact of contrast signal fluctuations during the administration of gadofosveset trisodium. In (a), the conventional 4D flow of the 8:23 min scan is displayed above the XD flow reconstruction without the temporal total variation constraint (middle) and with the temporal constraint (bottom). The recovery of fine pulmonary vessels (yellow arrow in magnified view) can be seen when exploiting the temporal dimension in the XD flow reconstruction. Surface renderings with velocity overlaid of each reconstruction (last temporal phases for the XD flow reconstructions) are displayed in (b). Reduction of noise in the velocity can be observed when comparing the XD flow with conventional 4D flow (white triangles). The lowest noise is observed in the XD flow reconstruction with the temporal total variation constraint. In (c), flow (net flow and peak speed) is measured in the aorta root. The average flow of 2.6–2.7 L/min for all three methods are similar.