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. 2017 Jul 13;7:5330. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04676-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ferumoxytol-enhanced XD flow reconstruction of a 3-year-old female highlighting the impact of respiration on flow analysis. The net flow through the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the superior vena cava (SVC) are plotted as a function of normalized cardiac and respiratory phase in (a) and (b). The average net flow across the different respiratory phases is plotted in (c) and (d) as a function of normalized cardiac phase. Blood flow measured in a conventional 4D flow reconstruction (with and without respiratory soft-gating) of the same dataset is also plotted in (c) and (d) as dotted and dashed lines. In (e), the total flow in the IVC and SVC is plotted as a function of normalized respiratory phase. The total flow is observed to be dependent on the respiratory phase. This feature is ignored in the conventional 4D flow reconstructions (dotted/dashed lines).