Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of outpatients (TAU group, N = 160), for total group, for each identified phenotype and for patients enrolled in the pulmonary rehabilitation program (PR group, N = 459)
| Outpatients (N = 160) | Pulmonary rehabilitation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total group | Phenotype 1 (n = 53) | Phenotype 2 (n = 34) | Phenotype 3 (n = 73) | p | ||
| Male | 77 (123) | 77.4 (41) | 70.6 (24) | 79.5 (58) | 0.06 | 53.5 (243) |
| Age | 64.2 ± 9.1 | 65.1 ± 9.3 | 64.5 ± 8.4 | 63.4 ± 9.2 | 0.56 | 60.5 ± 8.8 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio | 42.9 ± 11.4 | 46.9 ± 9.2 | 46.2 ± 13.0 | 38.6 ± 10.6 | 36.7 ± 12.1 | |
| GOLD grade | <0.01 | |||||
| Grade 1 (mild) | 2.5 (4) | 5.7 (3) | 3.0 (1) | – | 3.8 (17) | |
| Grade 2 (moderate) | 50.3 (80) | 73.6 (39) | 51.5 (17) | 32.9 (24) | 22.3 (100) | |
| Grade 3 (severe) | 42.1 (67) | 20.8 (11) | 42.4 (14) | 57.5 (42) | 47.0 (211) | |
| Grade 4 (very severe) | 5.0 (8) | – | 3.0 (1) | 9.6 (7) | 26.9 (121) | |
| Nutritional status | <0.01 | |||||
| Underweight (BMI <21) | 11.9 (19) | 7.5 (4) | 14.7 (5) | 13.7 (10) | 14.7 (67) | |
| Normal weight (>21 BMI <25) | 35.0 (56) | 54.7 (29) | 11.8 (17) | 31.5 (23) | 34.6 (158) | |
| Overweight (>25 BMI <30) | 37.5 (60) | 30.2 (16) | 50.0 (17) | 37.0 (27) | 32.2 (147) | |
| Obese (BMI >30) | 15.6 (25) | 7.5 (4) | 23.5 (8) | 17.8 (13) | 18.6 (85) | |
| Tobacco use | <0.01 | |||||
| Smoker | 26.3 (42) | 22.6 (12) | 20.6 (7) | 31.5 (23) | 10.8 (49) | |
| Former smoker | 60.0 (96) | 50.9 (27) | 61.8 (21) | 65.8 (48) | 84.6 (384) | |
| Never smoked | 13.8 (22) | 26.4 (14) | 17.6 (6) | 2.7 (2) | 4.6 (21) | |
| Education | 0.63 | |||||
| Low | 51.6 (82) | 50.0 (26) | 53.0 (18) | 52.0 (38) | 51.9 (235) | |
| Middle | 30.2 (48) | 28.58 (15) | 23.5 (8) | 34.3 (25) | 34.6 (157) | |
| High | 18.2 (29) | 21.1 (11) | 23.5 (8) | 13.7 (10) | 13.5 (61) | |
| Self-reported comorbidities | 1.34 ± 1.25 | 1.25 ± 1.00 | 2.41 ± 1.46 | 0.92 ± 1.02 | <0.01 | 1.53 ± 1.27 |
| None | 28.1 (45) | 24.5 (13) | 5.9 (2) | 41.1 (30) | 24.0 (109) | |
| Fatigue | 30.0 (48) | 22.6 (12) | 70.6 (24) | 16.4 (12) | 44.1 (200) | |
| Back pain | 30.6 (49) | 32.1 (17) | 38.2 (13) | 26.0 (19) | 24.4 (111) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 24.4 (39) | 15.1 (8) | 61.8 (21) | 13.7 (10) | 20.9 (95) | |
| Psychological problems | 6.3 (10) | – | 26.5 (9) | 1 (1) | 16.3 (74) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5.0 (8) | 7.5 (4) | 2.9 (1) | 4.1 (3) | 9.9 (45) | |
| Cancer | 3.1 (5) | 3.8 (2) | 2.9 (1) | 2.7 (2) | 1.3 (6) | |
| Cardiac disease | 7.5 (12) | 5.7 (3) | 14.7 (5) | 5.5 (4) | 15.9 (72) | |
| Other | 27.5 (44) | 37.7 (20) | 23.5 (8) | 21.9 (16) | 20.3 (92) | |
Data are expressed as % (N) or mean ± SD
FEV 1 % forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, BMI body mass index