Table 1.

Macrophage reprogramming after HDI, MDI, and LDI.

	Reference	Dose	Radiation type	Effect on polarization	Model
HDI	(7)	4 Gy × 5 × 3 week = 60 Gy	X-ray	M2 polarization	Mouse TRAMP-C1 (prostate)
	(101)	20 Gy × 3/day	X-ray	M2 polarization	Mouse Panc02 (pancreas)
	(102)	12 Gy	X-ray	M2 polarization	Human oral cancer (OSC-19 cells)—xenograft
	(103)	12 Gy or 3 × 6 Gy	X-ray	M2 polarization	Orthotopic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma model pancreas
MDI	(108)	2 Gy × 5 (10 Gy)	X-ray		Human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) with RKO or SW1463 cells
	(105)	5–10 Gy	X-ray	Increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) production	Raw 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon γ (IFNγ)
	(104)	2 Gy × 5	X-ray	Reduced M2 markers	hMDMs
	(107)	2–4 Gy	γ-ray	M1 polarization	Raw 264.7, THP-1, hMDM
	(33)	2 Gy	γ-ray	M1 polarization	Raw 264.7 and peritoneal macrophages from RT5 mice
	(96)	2 Gy	γ-ray	M1 polarization	Tumor-associated macrophages from RT5 mice + CD8 T cell transfer (pancreas)
	(118)	1–2 Gy	X-ray	M2 polarization	Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice + LPS/Raw 264.7
LDI	(105)	0.3–0.6–1.25 Gy	X-ray	Decreased iNOS/NO production	Raw 264.7 stimulated with LPS/IFNγ
	(109)	0.5–1 Gy	X-ray	M2 polarization	Raw 264.7
	(110)	0.5–0.7 Gy	X-ray	M2 polarization	THP-1 monocytes + LPS and monosodium urate crystals
	(111)	0.5–0.7 Gy	X-ray	Reduced M1 markers	THP-1 monocytes + LPS and monosodium urate crystals
	(112)	0.01–0.7 Gy	X-ray	M2 polarization	Peritoneal macrophages/Raw 264.7

Red shading/font means M2 polarization, green shading/font means M1 polarization. HDI, high doses of irradiation; MDI, moderate doses of irradiation; LDI, low doses of irradiation.