Table 1.
Comparisons Between Children Who Met Criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder at Age 6 and Any Psychiatric Diagnosis at Age 9 and Children Who Met Criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder at Age 6 and No Psychiatric Diagnosis at Age 9
| Age 6 variable | Any diagnosis at age 9 (n = 17) | No diagnosis at age 9 (n = 19) | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Child mean age in years (SD) | 6.14 (0.55) | 6.25 (0.36) | 0.55 | 0.12–2.52 |
| Child female sex, n (%) | 6 (35.3) | 10 (52.6) | 0.49 | 0.13–1.88 |
| At least one parent with a 4-year college degree, n (%) | 11 (64.7) | 10 (52.6) | 1.65 | 0.43–6.31 |
| Race White, n (%) | 16 (94.1) | 17 (89.5) | 1.89 | 0.16–22.83 |
| Child psychiatric diagnoses, n (%) | ||||
| Current Depressive Disorder | 4 (23.5) | 1 (5.3) | 5.54 | 0.55–55.49 |
| Current Anxiety Disorder | 2 (11.8) | 2 (10.5) | 1.13 | 0.14–9.07 |
| Current ADHD | 3 (17.36) | 1 (5.3) | 3.86 | 0.36–41.20 |
| Current ODD | 11 (64.7) | 9 (47.4) | 2.04 | 0.53–7.79 |
| Mean total diagnoses at age 6 (SD) | 1.18 (1.01) | 0.68 (0.75) | 1.90 | 0.87–4.16 |
| Mean child psychopathology and functioning (SD) | ||||
| PAPA Internalizing Symptoms | 22.35 (11.81) | 15.53 (7.22) | 1.07a | 1.00–1.18 |
| PAPA Externalizing Symptoms | 16.94 (12.16) | 8.42 (5.27) | 1.14b | 1.02–1.28 |
| Children's Global Assessment Scale | 59.24 (10.70) | 68.47 (10.41) | 0.92b | 0.86–0.99 |
| Child Impairment Ratings | 10.82 (3.38) | 7.95 (3.37) | 1.27b | 1.02–1.57 |
| Mean child irritability (SD) | ||||
| Frequency of tantrums (per week) | 7.47 (9.12) | 2.43 (3.25) | 1.14a | 1.00–1.30 |
| PAPA Chronic Irritability Scale | 3.65 (1.27) | 3.26 (1.05) | 1.35 | 0.75–2.44 |
| Mother-reported CBCL Irritability | 2.44 (1.26) | 1.76 (1.71) | 1.36 | 0.84–2.19 |
| Mother-reported CBCL Headstrong/Hurtful | 3.93 (2.17) | 2.24 (1.29) | 1.67b | 1.08–2.59 |
| Mother-reported CBQ Anger/Frustration Subscale | 5.28 (0.74) | 4.59 (0.75) | 3.98b | 1.19–13.37 |
| Mean mother-reported child temperament (SD) | ||||
| CBQ surgency | 5.36 (0.66) | 4.84 (0.55) | 4.54b | 1.16–17.85 |
| CBQ negative affect | 4.18 (0.60) | 3.85 (0.61) | 2.61 | 0.76–9.05 |
| CBQ effortful control | 4.58 (0.49) | 5.00 (0.55) | 0.21b | 0.05–0.93 |
| Mean executive functioning (SD) | ||||
| Executive functioning | −0.15 (0.53) | 0.19 (0.30) | 0.21b | 0.05–0.99 |
| Mean parent and child observed behavior (SD) | ||||
| Maternal hostility | 1.22 (0.34) | 1.18 (0.40) | 1.40 | 0.21–9.19 |
| Maternal support | 3.91 (0.48) | 4.13 (0.57) | 0.43 | 0.11–1.69 |
| Child negative affect | 1.53 (0.40) | 1.23 (0.38) | 7.15b | 1.03–49.54 |
| Child positive affect | 2.51 (0.68) | 3.00 (0.77) | 0.39a | 0.14–1.07 |
| Maternal psychopathology, n (%) | ||||
| Maternal lifetime depressive disorder | 9 (52.9) | 3 (15.8) | 6.43b | 1.32–31.37 |
| Maternal lifetime anxiety disorder | 6 (35.3) | 5 (26.3) | 1.56 | 0.37–6.62 |
| Maternal lifetime substance use disorder | 2 (11.8) | 5 (26.3) | 0.37 | 0.06–2.26 |
a
p < 0.10; bp < 0.05.
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CBQ, Child Behavior Questionnaire; CI, confidence interval; DMDD, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; PAPA, Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment; SD, standard deviation.