Table A3.

First Stage Estimates by 90D Spending Measure

		(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
First Stage
		90D-IP	90D-SNF	90D-HH	90D-OTH	90D-IP	90D-SNF	90D-HH	90D-OTH
	Amb:90D Inpatient	0.251 (0.0052)				0.264 (0.0055)	−0.038 (0.0046)	0.005 (0.0062)	0.027 (0.0039)
	Amb:90D SNF		0.143 (0.0042)			−0.028 (0.0028)	0.150 (0.0043)	−0.002 (0.0027)	−0.020 (0.0029)
	Amb:90D Home Health			0.164 (0.0049)		−0.014 (0.0043)	−0.002 (0.0032)	0.161 (0.0052)	0.016 (0.0030)
	Amb:90D Other				0.141 (0.0042)	−0.022 (0.0043)	−0.020 (0.0029)	0.025 (0.0027)	0.139 (0.0044)
	Spending Mean	15,876	5,164	1,773	2,700
	Spending SD	3,113	1,114	581	446

Notes: N=1,575,273. Outcome Mean=0.426. IP=inpatient; HH=home health; SNF=skilled nursing facility; OTH=other spending. Other category includes non-inpatient physician spending, outpatient facility spending, rehab and long-term care hospital spending, durable medical equipment spending, and hospice spending. All spending measures are trimmed of outliers and then risk-standardized by age, race and gender. Risk-standardized spending measures have been demeaned and scaled by 2 standard deviations. Thus, coefficients reflect a difference of ±1 standard deviations from the mean (i.e., “low” vs. “high” spending). Models include all patient and ambulance controls listed in Table 1, ZIP code × patient origin fixed effects, year fixed effects, and primary diagnosis fixed effects (see Table A1 for a full list of categories). Standard errors, clustered at the Health Service Area (HSA) level, are reported in parentheses.

Source: 2002–2012 Medicare Part A and B Data