Table 2.

One Year Mortality: First Stage, OLS and 2SLS Estimates, by Risk-Standardized 90D Hospital Spending Measure

		(1)	(2)
Panel A. First Stage
	Ambulance Average Total 90D Spending	0.192 (0.0043)	0.192 (0.0042)
Panel B. OLS and 2SLS
	OLS: Hospital Average Total 90D Spending	−0.017 (0.0023)	−0.011 (0.0021)
	2SLS: Hospital Average Total 90D Spending	−0.020 (0.0113)	−0.021 (0.0105)
	Sample Size	1,575,273
	Outcome Mean	0.426
	Patient Controls	No	Yes

Notes: Within each panel and regression type (OLS and 2SLS), each column reports model results based on hospital measures of total spending over 90 days after the index admission. Spending measures are trimmed of outliers and then risk-standardized by age, race and gender. Risk-standardized spending measures have been demeaned and scaled by 2 standard deviations. Thus, the reported coefficients reflect a difference of ±1 standard deviations from the mean (i.e., “low” vs. “high” spending). Means (SDs) for spending variables: 90D Total = $27,351 (4,243). Column (1) includes ZIP × patient origin fixed effects, as well as year and principal diagnosis controls (see Table A1 for a full list); Column (2) adds all patient and ambulance controls as listed in Table 1, with age controls in 5-year bins. Standard errors, clustered at the Health Service Area (HSA) level, are reported in parentheses.

Source: 2002–2012 Medicare Part A and B Data