Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of laboratory and metabolic variables in patients with type 2 diabetes according to urine clusterin quartiles
| Nondiabetic control | Type 2 diabetic patients | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
| Number | 20 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | - |
| Range (pg/mg) | 1.2–35.4 | 0.1–2.5 | 2.6–12.2 | 12.3–51.1 | 51.3–2779.6 | - |
| Sex (male/female) | 10/10 | 20/20 | 11/29 | 26/14 | 15/24 | 0.06 |
| Age (years) | 55.6 ± 4.7 | 56.5 ± 10.6 | 55.4 ± 11.6 | 58.5 ± 11.7 | 59.3 ± 8.9 | 0.618 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 23.7 ± 3.4 | 23.4 ± 3.3 | 23.7 ± 3.9 | 23.3 ± 3.0 | 0.955 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | - | 5.9 ± 5.7 | 8.7 ± 6.9 | 8.7 ± 7.1 | 8.5 ± 6.3 | 0.241 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 119 ± 15 | 124 ± 12 | 126 ± 14 | 121 ± 15 | 130 ± 17# | 0.050 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74 ± 9 | 76 ± 8 | 78 ± 12 | 79 ± 10 | 80 ± 12 | 0.426 |
| HbA1c (%) | - | 7.4 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 1.9 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 0.106 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | - | 56.9 ± 15.9 | 63.4 ± 20.7 | 67.7 ± 23.0 | 64.1 ± 21.9 | 0.106 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.01 ± 0.85 | 4.56 ± 0.97 | 4.63 ± 0.91 | 4.62 ± 1.05 | 4.91 ± 1.16 | 0.602 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.31 ± 0.80 | 2.50 ± 0.76 | 2.87 ± 0.92 | 2.73 ± 0.90 | 3.07 ± 1.34 | 0.106 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l)* | .68–1.92 | 1.03–2.97 | 1.08–2.49 | 0.87–2.14 | 1.28–3.84 | 0.269 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.42 ± 0.36 | 1.28 ± 0.39 | 1.25 ± 0.36 | 1.29 ± 0.47 | 1.29 ± 0.48 | 0.979 |
| CRP (mg/l)* | 0.3–0.9 | 0.2–1.3 | 0.4–1.9 | 0.2–1.6 | 0.3–1.7 | 0.151 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 309 ± 59 | 291 ± 89 | 297 ± 77 | 268 ± 65 | 286 ± 119 | 0.553 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.6 ± 8.8 | 86.9 ± 16.7 | 98.2 ± 30.3 | 90.1 ± 23.8 | 97.0 ± 40.8 | 0.276 |
| Urine ACR (mg/mmol)* | - | 0.54–3.91 | 0.98–12.55 | 1.29–20.53 | 1.62–103.78† | 0.001 |
| Urine PCR (mg/mmol)* | - | 7.36–15.59 | 10.74–33.64 | 11.22–53.68 | 12.09–326.49†,§ | <0.001 |
| Urine NAPCR (mg/mmol)* | - | 7.09–13.03 | 9.27–19.91 | 8.19–21.54 | 96.8–139.76†,§,|| | <0.001 |
| Urine KIM-1/Cr (ng/mg)* | - | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1)‡ | 2.7 (2.0–4.7)†,§,# | <0.001 |
| Urine NGAL/Cr (ng/mg)* | - | 4.2 (1.6–10.5) | 8.9 (4.2–17.0) | 13.0 (3.3–59.5)‡ | 26.4 (8.2 – 41.9)†,§ | <0.001 |
| Urine LFABP/Cr (ng/mg)* | - | 1.5 (1.2–3.1) | 1.9 (1.5–7.4) | 2.2 (1.5–5.6) | 6.5 (2.0–19.3)†,§,# | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | - | 7 (17.5) | 5 (12.5) | 9 (23.1) | 20 (50.0)‡,§,# | 0.001 |
| Lipid lowering agents, n (%) | - | 17 (42.5) | 21 (52.5) | 12 (30.8) | 13 (39.6) | 0.169 |
| Diabetic retionopathy, n (%) | - | 7 (17.5) | 15 (37.5)‡ | 14 (35.9) | 19 (47.5)‡ | 0.040 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, number of patients (%), median (interquartile range), and geometric means (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated.
logarithm-transformed values were used for comparison. Comparison was performed among diabetic patients.
P < 0.001 vs. Q1;
P <0.05 vs. Q1;
P < 0.05 vs. Q2;
P < 0.001 vs. Q3.
P < 0.05 vs. Q3.
ACR, albumin-to-creatine; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; LFABP, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NAPCR, nonalbumin protein-to-creatinine ratio; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PCR, protein-to-creatinine ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure.