Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population
| Variable | Entire cohort | Individuals with QOL score <10 | Individuals with QOL score of 10 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants, No. (%) | 3298 (100) | 1502 (45.5) | 1796 (54.5) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 69.7 (10.3) | 70.4 (10.8) | 69.1 (9.8) | 0.0004 |
| Male, no. (%) | 1227 (37.2) | 468 (31.2) | 759 (42.3) | <0.0001 |
| Race-ethnicity | 0.4 | |||
| Non-hispanic white, No. (%) | 690 (20.9) | 333 (22.2) | 357 (19.9) | |
| Non-hispanic black, No. (%) | 803 (24.4) | 353 (23.5) | 450 (25.1) | |
| Hispanic, No. (%) | 1728 (52.4) | 779 (51.8) | 949 (52.8) | |
| Other, No. (%) | 77 (2.3) | 37 (2.5) | 40 (2.2) | |
| Received at least high school education, No. (%) | 1511 (45.8) | 658 (43.8) | 853 (47.5) | 0.035 |
| Marital status, No. (%) married | 1042 (31.6) | 415 (27.6) | 627 (34.9) | <0.0001 |
| Health insurance, No. (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Medicaid or no insurance | 1435 (43.8) | 726 (48.8) | 709 (39.7) | |
| Medicare or private insurance | 1841 (56.2) | 763 (51.2) | 1078 (60.3) | |
| Vascular risk factors, No. (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 2429 (73.6) | 1119 (74.5) | 1310 (72.9) | 0.3 |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.0001 | |||
| Never drank | 821 (24.9) | 411 (27.4) | 410 (22.8) | |
| Past drinker | 799 (24.2) | 399 (26.5) | 400 (22.3) | |
| Light drinker | 421 (12.8) | 201 (13.4) | 220 (12.3) | |
| Moderate drinker | 1086 (32.9) | 418 (27.8) | 668 (37.2) | |
| Intermediate drinker | 120 (3.6) | 51 (3.4) | 69 (3.8) | |
| Heavy drinker | 51 (1.6) | 22 (1.5) | 29 (1.6) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| None | 1389 (42.1) | 701 (46.7) | 688 (38.3) | <0.0001 |
| Any | 1909 (57.9) | 801 (53.3) | 1108 (61.7) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 716 (21.8) | 362 (24.2) | 354 (19.7) | 0.002 |
| Smoking | 0.014 | |||
| Never | 1545 (46.9) | 722 (48.1) | 823 (45.8) | |
| Former | 1249 (37.9) | 531 (35.4) | 718 (40) | |
| Current | 502 (15.2) | 248 (16.5) | 254 (14.2) | |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.8 (5.5) | 28.1 (6) | 27.6 (5) | 0.005 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2050 (62.2) | 925 (61.6) | 1125 (62.6) | 0.5 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 143 (4.3) | 80 (5.3) | 63 (3.5) | 0.01 |
| History of coronary heart disease | 704 (21.4) | 388 (25.8) | 316 (17.6) | <0.0001 |
| Other medical conditions, No. (%) | ||||
| Hamilton depression scale score, mean (SD) | 3.2 (3.8) | 4.9 (4.6) | 1.7 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| Hamilton depression score >12 | 138 (4.2) | 131 (8.7) | 7 (0.4) | <0.0001 |
| Taking anti-depressant medication | 203 (7.8) | 146 (11.4) | 57 (4.3) | <0.0001 |
| Mini-mental state score, mean (SD) | 26.0 (3.8) | 25.4 (4.1) | 26.5 (3.4) | <0.0001 |
| Social variables, No. (%) | ||||
| Number of people known well enough to visit with in their homes | <0.0001 | |||
| None | 130 (3.9) | 74 (4.9) | 56 (3.1) | |
| 1 or 2 | 367 (11.1) | 199 (13.3) | 168 (9.4) | |
| 3 or 4 | 653 (19.8) | 289 (19.3) | 364 (20.3) | |
| 5 or more | 2145 (65.1) | 937 (62.5) | 1208 (67.2) | |