Table 1.
Distribution of participant characteristics for variables included in the analyses, by socially assigned gender nonconformity group among men and women (ages 18–31 years) in the Growing Up Today Study 2010–2013 (US; n=8,408)
| Total (n=8408) | Highly gender conforming (n=2472, 29%) | Moderately gender conforming (n=5380, 64%) | Gender nonconforming (n=556, 7%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | p-valuea | |||||
| Age (Years) | 0.001 | ||||||||
| 18–22 yrs | 23.4 | (1967) | 24.7 | (610) | 22.2 | (1196) | 29.0 | (161) | |
| 22–27 yrs | 40.4 | (3398) | 39.4 | (975) | 40.9 | (2201) | 39.9 | (222) | |
| 28–31 yrs | 36.2 | (3043) | 35.9 | (887) | 36.9 | (1983) | 31.1 | (173) | |
| Gender | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Men | 31.1 | (2611) | 37.7 | (931) | 29.5 | (1585) | 17.1 | (95) | |
| Women | 69.0 | (5797) | 62.3 | (1541) | 70.5 | (3795) | 82.9 | (461) | |
| Childhood Household Income (Annual)b | 0.03 | ||||||||
| <$40,000 | 5.6 | (384) | 6.9 | (140) | 5.0 | (219) | 5.3 | (25) | |
| $40–49,999 | 6.7 | (466) | 6.3 | (127) | 6.7 | (297) | 8.9 | (42) | |
| $50–74,999 | 23.7 | (1641) | 24.1 | (489) | 23.4 | (1035) | 24.7 | (117) | |
| $75–99,999 | 21.7 | (1501) | 20.5 | (416) | 22.4 | (989) | 20.3 | (96) | |
| $100,000+ | 42.3 | (2931) | 42.3 | (858) | 42.5 | (1879) | 40.9 | (194) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.0005 | ||||||||
| White | 93.3 | (7761) | 94.3 | (2305) | 93.2 | (4963) | 89.3 | (493) | |
| Black/African American | 0.6 | (50) | 0.7 | (18) | 0.5 | (27) | 0.9 | (5) | |
| Latino/Hispanic | 2.0 | (162) | 1.4 | (33) | 2.2 | (117) | 2.2 | (12) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.8 | (147) | 1.4 | (35) | 1.8 | (94) | 3.3 | (18) | |
| Another race; Multiracial | 2.4 | (200) | 2.2 | (54) | 2.3 | (122) | 4.4 | (24) | |
| Sexual Orientation Identityc | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Completely heterosexual | 83.7 | (7010) | 93.8 | (2317) | 82.0 | (4391) | 55.0 | (302) | |
| Mostly heterosexual | 12.1 | (1012) | 5.1 | (126) | 13.9 | (745) | 25.7 | (141) | |
| Bisexual | 1.9 | (161) | 0.7 | (18) | 1.9 | (102) | 7.5 | (41) | |
| Gay/Lesbian | 2.3 | (191) | 0.4 | (9) | 2.2 | (117) | 11.8 | (65) | |
| Outcomes: Dimensions of HRQOLd | |||||||||
| Mobility | 3.9 | (327) | 2.8 | (70) | 4.0 | (215) | 7.6 | (42) | <.0001 |
| Self-care | 0.7 | (60) | 0.5 | (13) | 0.7 | (39) | 1.4 | (8) | 0.07 |
| Usual Activities | 5.9 | (495) | 4.1 | (102) | 5.9 | (316) | 13.9 | (77) | <.0001 |
| Pain or Discomfort | 28.0 | (2352) | 23.0 | (569) | 29.1 | (1566) | 39.0 | (217) | <.0001 |
| Anxiety or Depression | 13.6 | (1139) | 10.8 | (267) | 13.6 | (731) | 25.4 | (141) | <.0001 |
| Outcomes: HRQOL (Health Utility) | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) HRQOL | 0.908 | (0.094) | 0.922 | (0.090) | 0.905 | (0.093) | 0.871 | (0.104) | <.0001 |
Note: Data presented are raw data with no imputation for missingness. Sample does not include respondents with no information on socially assigned gender nonconformity or any of the five EQ-5D-5L dimensions.
. P-values based on Chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variable.
. Household income assessed via maternal report in 2001 when participants were ages 7–19 years.
. Sexual orientation identity was measured on the same wave as gender nonconformity (2010/2011); 2013 sexual orientation identity responses were used for those missing 2010/2011 (n=651).
. Five dimensions of EQ-5D-5L used to construct HRQOL index score. Dimensions show percent reporting any problems with mobility, self-care, usual activities or pain/discomfort; percent reporting moderate-to-extreme problems with anxiety/depression as reported in 2013 using EQ-5D-5L measure of health-related quality of life.