Table 2.

Results of multivariable analysis of EQ-5D health dimensions^a and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) by gender nonconformity^b (GNC) among men and women (ages 18–31 years) in the Growing Up Today Study 2010–2013 (US; n=8,408)

	Base Modelsc			Fully Adjusted Modelsd			Fully Adjusted Models by Gender
							Men (n=2611)			Women (n=5797)
EQ-5D Dimensions	RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI
MOBILITY
GNC (Ref=highly conforming)	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Moderate level	1.40	(1.08, 1.83)		1.24	(0.93, 1.65)		1.25	(0.94, 1.66)		1.25	(0.89, 1.76)
Most nonconforming	2.68	(1.85, 3.88)		1.76	(1.16, 2.68)		1.81	(1.19, 2.76)		1.99	(1.27, 3.13)
SELF-CARE
GNC (Ref=highly conforming)	1.00			1.00						1.00
Moderate level	1.37	(0.73, 2.58)		1.18	(0.59, 2.37)		na	na		0.94	(0.44, 2.00)
Most nonconforming	2.88	(1.20, 6.89)		1.87	(0.68, 5.10)		na	na		1.98	(0.71, 5.57)
USUAL ACTIVITIES
GNC (Ref=highly conforming)	1.00			1.00						1.00
Moderate level	1.39	(1.12, 1.73)		1.28	(1.01, 1.64)		na	na		1.48	(1.10, 1.98)
Most nonconforming	3.17	(2.40, 4.18)		2.29	(1.67, 3.13)		na	na		2.60	(1.82, 3.71)
PAIN OR DISCOMFORT
GNC (Ref=highly conforming)	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Moderate level	1.25	(1.15, 1.36)		1.21	(1.11, 1.33)		1.15	(0.98, 1.34)		1.25	(1.11, 1.40)
Most nonconforming	1.69	(1.49, 1.92)		1.59	(1.38, 1.83)		1.09	(0.72, 1.65)		1.69	(1.44, 1.97)
ANXIETY OR DEPRESSION
GNC (Ref=highly conforming)	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Moderate level	1.25	(1.10, 1.43)		1.18	(1.02, 1.37)		1.44	(1.09, 1.89)		1.07	(0.90, 1.27)
Most nonconforming	2.31	(1.92, 2.78)		1.72	(1.39, 2.13)		1.82	(1.09, 3.04)		1.63	(1.29, 2.06)
EQ-5D Health Utility Index	Beta	(SE)	p-value	Beta	(SE)	p-value	Beta	(SE)	p-value	Beta	(SE)	p-value
OVERALL HRQOL
GNC (Ref=most conforming)
Middle level	−0.017	(0.002)	<.0001	−0.011	(0.002)	<.0001	−0.014	(0.004)	0.001	−0.009	(0.003)	0.003
Most nonconforming	−0.051	(0.005)	<.0001	−0.034	(0.005)	<.0001	−0.030	(0.012)	0.02	−0.033	(0.006)	<.0001

na = Could not estimate due to small sample size. Bold effect estimates are statistically significant (p<.05).

^a. EQ-5D health dimensions risk ratios (RRs) represent the relative risk of reporting any problems (slight, moderate, severe, or completely unable) vs. no problems with the following: (1) Mobility = walking about; (2) Self-care = washing or dressing myself; (3) Usual activities = usual activities, e.g., work, study, housework, family, or leisure activities; (4) pain or discomfort; or represent the risk of reporting moderate, severe or extreme problems vs. no or slight problems with (5) being anxious or depressed.

^b. GNC = Gender nonconformity (assessed in 2010 for GUTS1 and 2011 for GUTS2 using Socially Assigned Gender Expression scale and participant gender). Continuous scale score (range: 1–7, with higher scores representing greater nonconformity to gender expectations relative to gender) was classified into 3 categories: 1=Most conforming (Score <2), 2=Middle level of conformity/nonconformity (Score 2–3), 3=Most nonconforming (Score >3).

^c. Base models adjust for age (in years, continuous), gender (men (ref) vs. women), and cohort (GUTS2 (ref) vs. GUTS1).

^d. Fully adjusted models additionally adjust for annual household income in childhood ($40K/year, $40–49K, $50–74K, $75–99K, $100K (ref)), and most recent report of sexual orientation identity (completely heterosexual (ref) vs. gay/lesbian, bisexual, or mostly heterosexual). Multiple imputation implemented to address covariate missingness (household income and sexual orientation identity). Gender not included in stratified models.

^e. RRs represent the relative risk of reporting less than perfect health (HRQOL index score <1) compared to perfect health (index score = 1)

^f. Restricted health utility index score models restricted to those with a health utility score <1 (n=4,721)