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. 2017 Jul 14;7:5391. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05217-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of lipoic acid on HFD-induced alterations in the expression of glucose transporters and the insulin signaling. Expression of (A) membrane associated GLUT3 and GLUT4; (B) Total levels of GLUT3 and GLUT4. (C) Representative western blots of brain tissue from control, +lipoic acid, HFD, and HFD + lipoic acid with (+) or without (−) ex vivo insulin stimulation. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and β-actin were used as loading control for membrane fraction and whole homogenate. Data presented as mean ± SD respectively, n ≥ 3 animals, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.