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. 2017 Jul 14;7:5482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05753-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Syndepositional and diagenetic cement and organic-rich material inside the flanges of Cloudina. (A) Cross-section of a Cloudina tube showing patches of sparry calcite with intercrystalline goethite (white arrows) and patches of microspar and pseudospar (black arrows) between the wall layers. (B) Raman spectra of the region with cement showing bands of goethite, calcite and kerogen (C) SEM image of a tube in longitudinal section with sparry calcite in the innermost of the flanges (white arrow) and microspar towards the end of the flange (red arrow), the interior of the tube is also filled with microspar. Note the absence of siliciclastics inside the flanges (light areas of the host rock). (D) Longitudinal section of a tube, with sparry calcite and microspar-pseudospar cement between the walls. (E) Line drawing of (D) highlighting the areas with cement: (1) sparry calcite with intercrystalline goethite; (2) microspar; and (3) pseudospar. (F) Cross-section of a specimen showing the sparry calcite with intercrystalline goethite inside the flanges. (G) Cross-section of Cloudina with organic-rich material and opaque minerals (black arrow) inside the flanges. (H) Longitudinal section of Cloudina with preserved organic-rich material associated with the flanges (white arrows). (I) Longitudinal section of Cloudina showing patches of calcite cement (black arrow), and organic-rich material associated with the flanges (white arrows). Red double-headed arrow indicates the central canal of the tube. Scale bar (A,H) 0.5 mm, (C,G) 1 mm, (D,E) 0.25 mm, (F) 0.125 mm (I) 200 µm.