Table 1.

Clinical characteristic and biochemical measurements of the study group

Characteristic	HNF1A-MODY	GCK-MODY	T2DM	p-value
N	14	19	12	NA
Male/female (n)	7/7	7/12	8/4	0.17a
Age at examination (years)	34.1 ± 11.0	40.3 ± 10.8	61.8 ± 5.6	0.0000b
Time from diabetes diagnosis (years)	11.4 ± 6.8	8.7 ± 7.1	5.8 ± 4.2	0.10b
BMI (kg/m2)	24.4 ± 4.9	23.4 ± 2.8	31.3 ± 5.3	0.0000b
eGFR CKD-EPI (ml/min/1.73 m2)	98.1 ± 15.1	99.9 ± 15.6	87.7 ± 15.9	0.10b
HbA1c (%, mmol/mol)	6.0 ± 0.7, 42.0 ± 5.3	6.4 ± 0.4, 46.0 ± 2.0	6.9 ± 0.9, 52.0 ± 7.5	0.03c
hsCRP (mg/l)	0.52 ± 0.30	1.12 ± 1.57	1.60 ± 1.15	0.09b
GCR (Day 0)—patients with positive urinary glucose only (mmol/mmol, n)	0.15, 1	0.17 ± 0.18, 2	2.01, 1	NA
GCR change (8–12 h after dapagliflozin administration) (mmol/mmol)	35.64 ± 14.10	38.72 ± 9.65	19.37 ± 18.76	0.001b
GCR change (Day +1—Day 0) (mmol/mmol)	20.51 ± 12.08	23.19 ± 8.10	9.84 ± 6.68	0.001b
1,5-AG (Day 0) (mg/ml)	8.75 ± 8.43	19.61 ± 9.22	26.72 ± 9.03	0.0000b
1,5-AG change (Day +1 −Day 0) (mg/ml)	−0.09 ± 4.21	−0.86 ± 4.16	−6.57 ± 7.34	0.02b
FPG (Day 0) (mmol/l)	5.60 ± 1.02	6.82 ± 0.71	7.73 ± 2.25	0.005c
FPG change (Day +1—Day 0) (mmol/l)	−0.14 ± 0.90	−0.50 ± 0.72	−0.23 ± 1.20	0.51b
Average daily glucose in SMBG (Day −1) (mmol/l)	6.02 ± 1.03	6.99 ± 0.50	7.60 ± 1.77	0.008c
Average daily glucose in SMBG (Day 0) (mmol/l)	5.81 ± 0.87	6.90 ± 0.59	7.32 ± 1.58	0.002c
Average daily glucose change in SMBG (Day 0—Day −1) (mmol/l)	−0.21 ± 0.61	−0.09 ± 0.51	−0.27 ± 1.27	0.84c

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

1,5-AG 1,5-Anhydroglucitol, FPG fasting plasma glucose, GCR glucose to creatinine ratio, hsCRP high sensitive C-reactive protein, NA not applicable, n number of cases, SMBG self-monitoring of blood glucose

^a χ² test

^b One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

^c Kruskal–Wallis test