Table 1. Baseline Features by Treatment Group.
| Pioglitazone | Placebo | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic features | (n=1939) | (n=1937) | ||
| Age (yrs), mean ±SD | 63.5 ±10.6 | 63.5 ±10.7 | ||
| Male sex, no. (%) | 1293 | 66.7% | 1245 | 64.3% |
| Black race, no. (%) | 218 | 11.4% | 225 | 11.8% |
| Hispanic ethnic group, no. (%) | 75 | 3.9% | 72 | 3.7% |
| Clinical history, no. (%) | ||||
| Stroke at entry (vs. TIA) | 1693 | 87.8% | 1682 | 87.2% |
| Prior stroke (before index event) | 246 | 12.7% | 242 | 12.5% |
| Hypertension | 1380 | 71.2% | 1390 | 71.8% |
| Coronary artery disease | 241 | 12.4% | 221 | 11.4% |
| Myocardial infarction | 148 | 7.6% | 131 | 6.8% |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 123 | 6.3% | 133 | 6.9% |
| Coronary angioplasty or stenting | 95 | 4.9% | 79 | 4.1% |
| Carotid artery intervention* | 132 | 6.8% | 155 | 8.0% |
| Atrial fibrillation | 134 | 6.9% | 130 | 6.7% |
| Current cigarette smoking | 323 | 16.7% | 299 | 15.4% |
| Physical examination | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean SD | 29.9 ±5.6 | 30.0 ±5.3 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean SD | 133.2 ±17.7 | 133.0 ±17.3 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean SD | 79.4 ±10.7 | 79.0 ±10.5 | ||
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L), mean SD | 5.5 ±0.6 | 5.5 ±0.5 | ||
| Insulin (IU/mL), median (Q1, Q3) | 19 (16, 26) | 19 (16, 25) | ||
| HOMA-IR, median (Q1, Q3) | 4.7 (3.8, 6.2) | 4.6 (3.7, 6.2) | ||
| HbA1c (%), mean SD | 5.8 ±0.4 | 5.8 ±0.4 | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean SD | 2.3 ±0.8 | 2.3 ±0.8 | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)-men, mean SD | 1.1 ±0.3 | 1.1 ±0.3 | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)-women, mean SD | 1.4 ±0.3 | 1.4 ±0.3 | ||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean SD | 1.6 ±0.8 | 1.6 ±0.8 | ||
| C-reactive protein, median (Q1, Q3) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.9) | 2.3 (1.1, 5.0) | ||
| Concomitant medications, no. (%) | ||||
| Antihypertensive | 1528 | 79.1% | 1541 | 79.8% |
| ACE inhibitor | 828 | 42.9% | 791 | 40.9% |
| ARB | 270 | 14.0% | 276 | 14.3% |
| Beta-blocker | 615 | 31.8% | 613 | 31.7% |
| Thiazide diuretic | 521 | 27.0% | 499 | 25.8% |
| Other anti-hypertensive | 518 | 26.8% | 521 | 27.0% |
| Lipid lowering agent | 1645 | 85.1% | 1641 | 85.0% |
| Statin | 1594 | 82.5% | 1592 | 82.4% |
| Fibrate | 58 | 3.0% | 53 | 2.7% |
| Lipid-lowering agent | 126 | 6.5% | 123 | 6.4% |
| Antiplatelet | 1776 | 91.9% | 1782 | 92.2% |
| Aspirin alone | 945 | 48.9% | 956 | 49.5% |
| Aspirin and other anti-platelet | 456 | 23.6% | 473 | 24.5% |
| Non-aspirin anti-platelet | 375 | 19.4% | 353 | 18.3% |
| Anticoagulant | 232 | 12.0% | 209 | 10.8% |
| Coumadin | 205 | 10.6% | 178 | 9.2% |
| Other anticoagulant | 27 | 1.4% | 31 | 1.6% |
| Anti-arrhythmic | 32 | 1.7% | 48 | 2.5% |
| Loop diuretic | 63 | 3.3% | 45 | 2.3% |
Data are presented as mean±SD (standard deviation) if normally distributed, otherwise median (25th percentile, 75% percentile) are reported.
*
Carotid endarterectomy, angioplasty or stenting before or after index event.
Number of participants with missing data (pioglitazone, placebo): Black race (33,33); Hispanic (12,8); prior stroke (1,2); hypertension history (1,1); MI history (3,3); coronary intervention (1,1); carotid intervention (1,1); BMI (6,6); atrial fibrillation (2,0); blood pressure (6,6); LDL (21,17); HDL (5,3); triglycerides (4,3); CRP (17,12); prescription medications (7,5).