Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by race/ethnicity for those with hepatocyte growth factor measured at exam 1 (mean ± standard deviation or percentage)
| Characteristics | African American |
Chinese American |
Hispanic American |
Non-Hispanic white American |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1861 | 799 | 1477 | 2604 | |
| HGF, pg/mL | 934.4 (249.8) | 839.4 (216.1) | 1035.9 (268.7) | 915.8 (255.1) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 62.1 (10.0) | 62.4 (10.3) | 61.2 (10.3) | 62.6 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| Sex, % female | 56 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 0.058 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.2 (5.8) | 24.0 (3.3) | 29.4 (5.1) | 27.7 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤11th grade | 12 | 25 | 45 | 5 | |
| High school graduate | 19 | 16 | 20 | 17 | |
| Some college | 35 | 20 | 25 | 28 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 17 | 23 | 6 | 22 | |
| Graduate/professional school | 17 | 16 | 4 | 28 | |
| Income | <0.001 | ||||
| < $25,000 | 30 | 50 | 49 | 16 | |
| $25,000 – $50,000 | 32 | 22 | 33 | 27 | |
| $50,000 – $100,000 | 29 | 18 | 15 | 33 | |
| ≥ $100,000 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 25 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131.7 (21.6) | 124.6 (21.6) | 126.5 (21.8) | 123.5 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74.5 (10.2) | 72.0 (10.4) | 71.5 (10.1) | 70.2 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % yes | 59 | 38 | 41 | 38 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure status | <0.001 | ||||
| Normotensive < 120 mmHg, % yes | 41 | 63 | 59 | 62 | |
| Hypertensive (controlled), % yes | 48 | 26 | 30 | 28 | |
| Hypertensive (uncontrolled), % yes | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, % yes | 17.5 | 12.9 | 17.3 | 6 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory Values | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 189.6 (36.1) | 192.7 (31.8) | 198.3 (37.5) | 195.8 (35.1) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52.4 (15.2) | 49.5 (12.7) | 47.7 (13.1) | 52.3 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 116.5 (32.9) | 115.2 (29.0) | 119.8 (32.9) | 117.1 (30.1) | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 104.8 (68.8) | 142.9 (84.9) | 157.5 (101.5) | 132.9 (90.4) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | 86.4 (19.2) | 82.3 (16.6) | 83.4 (18.2) | 75.9 (17.0) | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||
| Never, % yes | 45 | 75 | 54 | 44 | |
| Former, % yes | 37 | 19 | 32 | 44 | |
| Current, % yes | 18 | 6 | 14 | 11 | |
| Current use of alcohol, % yes | 50 | 31 | 47 | 72 | <0.001 |
| Current medication use | |||||
| Antilipidemic therapy, % yes | 16 | 14 | 13 | 18 | <0.001 |
| Statin use, % yes | 15 | 13 | 12 | 17 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension medication use, % yes | 50 | 29 | 32 | 33 | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers, % yes | 21 | 10 | 11 | 8 | <0.001 |
| Inhibitors of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, % yes | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| Angiotensin type 2 antagonists | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0.003 |
| Aspirin use, % yes | 31 | 18 | 26 | 40 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes medication use, % yes (diabetics only) | 79 | 74 | 80 | 70 | 0.073 |
| Diuretic use, % yes | 22 | 4 | 8 | 13 | <0.001 |
| Hormone replacement therapy % yes (females only) | 46 | 34 | 40 | 64 | <0.001 |
| Subclinical and Clinical Disease | |||||
| CAC > 0, % yes | 43 | 50 | 45 | 57 | <0.001 |
| CAC categories | <0.001 | ||||
| < 50, % | 76 | 71 | 74 | 63 | |
| 50–149, % | 10 | 14 | 11 | 11 | |
| 150–399, % | 7 | 9 | 7 | 12 | |
| > 400, % | 8 | 6 | 8 | 13 | |
| Common carotid IMT, mm | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Internal carotid IMT, mm | 1.1 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Presence of plaque, % Yes | 44 | 26 | 39 | 47 | <0.001 |
CAC, coronary artery calcium; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; IMT, intima medial thickness; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
p Value from linear regression model for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables comparing variables across ethnic groups.